(Fig.1) Today's useless atomic force (or scanning tunneling ) microscope with just one probe tip can only see (useless) planar flat molecules. Only multi-probe microscope can observe and manipulate various 3-dimensional molecules.
In 1980s, atomic force (and scanning tunneling ) microscopes (with only one probe tip ) for observing and manipulating single atoms were invented.
In 2009, Quartz (= qPlus ) sensors, which are much more sensitive and easier to handle than the conventional bulky light deflection cantilevers, were started to be used for atomic force microscopes (= AFM ) manipulating single atoms ( this p.4-qPlus sensor, this p.7-left-3rd-paragraph ).
But even now in 2025, today's atomic force microscopes (= AFM ) remain stuck in only one useless probe tip ( this Fig.2, this-p.2 ), which is useless, unable to manipulate various 3-dimensional atoms or molecules (= today's one-probe AFM can observe only flat small molecules such as benzenes, this p.4 ).
↑ We can know any 3-dimensional molecular structures by using the practical multi-probe atomic force microscopes, which can touch and know the target molecular atomic structures from various different angles by rotating them (= while one probe holds down the target molecule, the other probe can touch and investigate the molecular atomic structures ).
Surprisingly, even this most sensitive atomic force microscope based on quartz-sensor has Not changed its shape nor quality with No progress for 16 years since it was first used in 2009. ← Atomic manipulation nano-technology is deadend for a long time.
Almost all the present atomic force microscopes are used in biological researches just vaguely seeing cells or something, which No longer see single atoms ( this p.6 ) due to scientists intentionally refusing to make useful multi-probe atomic force microscopes for 40 years. ← Today's atomic nano-technology is regressing.
In fact, we already have the technology of making practical multi-probe atomic force microscopes (= with sensitive quartz sensors ) that will need the simple practical realistic atomic model with shapes measured by experiments (= treating atoms like the ordinary macroscopic parts ) instead of the impractical time-consuming quantum mechanical methods, to express various-sized molecules and proteins at the atomic level.
The present mainstream (fake ab-initio) quantum mechanical methods are useless, just artificially choosing (fake) unphysical atomic wavefunctions called basis sets, which are unable to predict any energies (= just art based on experience, Not science, this p.2-left ), and too time-consuming to express actual molecules.
To protect the useless, time-consuming unphysical quantum mechanical models such as fictional quasiparticles, one-electron DFT, MD, academia intentionally tries Not to make useful multi-probe atomic force microscopes that will make the useless quantum mechanics unnecessary and obsolete.
There are a few multi-probe atomic force microscopes, which are used only for measuring electrical conductance or potential, Not for manipulating atoms ( this p.12-3D molecules make No mention of aiming at multi-probe AFM ).
This abnormal situation where No money nor time has been spent on developing useful multi-probe atomic force microscopes (= curing diseases ) is in stark contrast to today's physics wasting too much time and money only on overhyped hopeless quantum computers and cryptography.
(Fig.2) Today's technology can easily prepare sharp probe tips (= cone angle is less than 30o, which is sharp enough to make multiple probe tips ) to which only one atom (= such as a CO molecule, a Cu atom ) is attached, which can precisely manipulate single atoms and build molecular devices.
Today's technology can easily make sharp probe tips with cone angle of less than 30 degree, less than 1nm tip radius ( this p.3-Methods, this p.2-last-paragraph, this 8th-paragraph ) whose apex has only one atom such as a CO molecule and a Cu atom.
We can attach or adsorb a sharp CO molecule to the apex of a single metallic atom which can be easily prepared by poking probe tips into metallic atoms ( this p.1-last-paragraph~p.2, this p.6-left-method-2nd-paragraph ).
↑ These mono-atomically sharp tips or CO-tips, which are already-existing technologies, are robust enough to manipulate target atoms and molecules ( this p.1-abstract-last, p.2~4 ).
By applying voltage through electrodes, today's atomic force microscopes can form artificial molecular bonds (and bond breakage ), which can be used for making various probe tips with desired atoms or molecules attached ( this p.4-5, this p.17-19, this p.2,p.5-left ).
Whether only one single atom is attached to the apex of a probe tip or not can be easily confirmed by touching the probe tip to a target CO molecule attached to the floor substrate, which is called carbon monoxide front atom identification (= COFI, this p.2, this p.3-right ), as shown in Fig.2-right-lower.
This p.9-methods-3rd-paragraph says
"Before we functionalized the tip apex with CO, we prepared metal tips ending in a single Cu atom by repeated
indentations between 300 pm and 1 nm into the Cu surface. Afterwards, we characterized the tip with the
Carbon-Monoxide-Front-Atom-Identification (COFI) method, and repeated the process of tip poking and
COFI characterization until we obtained the COFI portrait of a single-atom metal tip"
Atomic force microscopes with multiple probe tips, which need the tip conical angle shaper (= smaller ) than 90o, can be easily made by today's already-existing technology.
Physicists use only big qPlus quartz sensors that are easy to handle, because the quartz sensors are so sensitive that they do not need to make quartz sensors smaller to detect single atoms ( this p.11-13 ).
As shown in quartz crystal microbalance (= QCM ), the smaller and thinner quartz sensors are more sensitive with higher resonator fundamental frequency ( this-p.4-last-paragraph, this-p.2-right-3rd-paragraph, p.3-right-last-paragraph, this-p.2-2nd-paragraph ).
This p.3-left-last-paragraph says
"Therefore, thinning the
(quartz) oscillator significantly improves the sensitivity of
QCM ( this-p.3-1st-paragraph )"
So we can use the smaller, more sensitive quartz sensors suitable for multiple probe tips of atomic force microscopes.
(Fig.3) We should use the simpler practical atomic model with shapes which can be easily measured by today's atomic force microscopes as Pauli repulsion, instead of wasting time in useless, time-consuming quantum mechanical model.
Today's atomic force microscopes can easily and precisely measure each atomic and molecular shape as Pauli repulsion or weak van der Waals attraction ( this p.4, this p.4-8, this p.33-45 ).
So we should be able to treat each atom and molecule with known (= measurable ) shape as a real object or part with shape to clarify molecular mechanisms and design molecular devices by using practical multi-probe atomic force microscopes.
The current mainstream old unphysical quantum mechanical models such as Schrödinger equation and density functional theory (= DFT or Kohn-Sham KS theory ) unable to describe each atom as a real atomic object with shape have to rely on extremely time-consuming methods of integrating artificially-chosen (fake) wavefunctions with many freely-adjustable parameters, which is useless, unable to predict anything.
This p.20-last-paragraph says
"KS DFT is Not an ab initio theory (= DFT is just empirical, unable to predict anything, like the useless Schrodinger equations unsolvable for any multi-electron atoms ), because it does
not approach the exact solution"
↑ To protect this current too-time-consuming impractical quantum mechanical models lacking real atomic shape such as DFT, MD ( this-p.9-12 ), academia intentionallly hampers developing the useful multi-probe atomic force microscopes that will make the useless quantum mechanics unnecessary and obsolete.
(Fig.3') Physicists always try to use the impractical, time-consuming quantum mechanics or DFT model, which just hampers developing multi-probe atomic force microscopes.
In fact, academia, scientists have intentionally prevented developing useful multi-probe atomic force microscopes (= they do Not even try to make them ), though they already have that technology, in order only to protect the old useless quantum mechanical methods.
This is in stark contrast to today's physics wasting too much time and money only on hopeless deadend quantum computers and cryptography.
Today's quantum mechanics unreasonably forces scientists to always use the useless, too time-consuming, unphysical density functional theory (= DFT = Kohn-Sham theory ) which tries to treat the whole molecules and microscope probe's atoms as one pseudo-electron or fictional quasiparticle model ( this p.5-right-middle~lower ) with No shape, which just hampers nano-technology.
This p.2-right-1st-paragraph says
"With DFT methods, this analysis (= of potential energy surface PES of some molecule ) would require more than a
year of computation time"
Quantum mechanical Schrodinger equations and DFT are unable to predict any (multi-electron) atoms or molecules (= fake ab-initio or empirical theory, this p.23-lower ), so we do Not need to use these useless quantum mechanics and DFT that are just too time-consuming ( this p.1-abstract-upper ) and obstructing technological development.
Quantum mechanical DFT model (= used in all the present atomic force microscope experiments, this p.2-Figure 1 ) must artificially choose fake exchange energy and intermolecular van der Waals (= dispersion ) potential whose parameters must be fitted to experiments ( this-last-calculation method uses empirical Grimme D3 dispersion potential, this p.19-Fig.19, this p.5-1.3, this p.3-6 ) with No ability to predict physical values ( this p.21-2.3.6, this-lower-DFT Limitation ).
↑ Just using experimentally-measured values (= such as each atomic shape ) without wasting too much time in the useless quantum mechanical methods (= with No ability to predict anything ) is the most efficient, useful way of developing nano-technology through multi-probe atomic force microscopes.
Quantum mechanical Schrodinger equation and DFT must choose, insert fake ( one pseudo-)electron's wavefunctions consisting of many terms (= many basis set functions = χ1, χ2 ... χn ) and many coefficients (= c1, c2, ... cn, this p.23, this p.5-5. ) into the energy equations, and integrate them (= which takes too much time ) to obtain (fake) total energy E, which is just art, Not science (= empirical method, Not quantum mechanical prediction, this-middle 2.the choice of basis set-3rd-paragraph ).
This p.10-last-paragraph says
"The effectiveness of DFT is highly dependent on the choice of exchange-correlation functional, which may not accurately capture all correlation effect..
the calculations of exchange-correlation
energies can still be demanding.
"
Physicists have to repeatedly conduct many complicated calculations of total energies by integrals of the chosen wavefunctions (= electron density ), variation and updating their coefficients (= cn ), until they converge to some values minimizing the total energy within the chosen (fake) basis set wavefunctions, which is called self-consistent field (= SCF, this p.9, this p.2-8, this p.3-2 ). ← extremely time-consuming methods.
This-lower SCF convergence says
"Conventional electronic-structure-theory-based methods like DFT rely on a self-consistent-field (SCF) process, where an initial guess for the electron density is generated and then iteratively refined... SCF convergence can become extremely time-consuming or even impossible."
Quantum mechanics and DFT unable to give actual atomic shape has to conduct many extremely time-consuming SCF energy calculations in many different positions of atoms, molecules and microscope probe tip, as shown in Fig.3' which is called geometry optimization ( this p.4 ) or relaxation consisting of multiple time-consuming SCF calculations ( this p.28-53, this 2~4th-paragraphs, this-p.18-2.3.2 ).
This quantum mechanics or DFT takes too much time to describe molecules measured by multi-probe atomic force microscopes ( this-p.3-5th-sentence ), because physicists have to repeat the extremely-time-consuming calculations of the chosen (fake) wavefunctions' coefficients in many different positions of atoms of the molecules, (multiple) microscope probe tips 1 and 2 ( this p.6-1st~2nd-paragraphs ).
This p.4-DFT calculations (of this research ) say
"the calculations only take into
account the sample molecule and the Cu2CO (probe) tip, No macroscopic.. tip or the substrate were added to the calculations (= because of being too time-consuming to consider the atoms of the tip and the substrate in DFT, this p.3-1st-paragraph ).
For this reason, attractive forces could be underrepresented (= DFT calculations are wrong )"
"The interaction energies of the (microscope probe) tip and the sample molecule (without substrate) were calculated for various lateral positions with a lateral spacing of 0.1 Å and for tip heights ranging from d = 3.95 Å to d = 3.35 Å with a vertical spacing of 0.025 Å"
↑ The time-consuming DFT calculations of the potential energies or forces around a molecule must be conducted in many different probe tip's atomic positions separately and repeatedly, which takes too much time ( this-p.3-right-1st-paragraph ).
This p.5-2nd-paragraph says
"This and the relaxation of the
whole tip-sample system make the calculations of entire Δf (= quartz sensor's frequency change by atomic force ) images including the
relaxations too complex to be carried out within feasible time. The calculation of the
Δf(x) (= molecular potential force ) line profiles (Fig.2D, this p.17 = just estimating the potential forces around a very small molecule within ~ 8Å ) took about a week computation time on a large computer
facility"
↑ Just calculating potential energy around a small static molecule observed by atomic force microscope takes the (impractical) quantum mechanics and DFT too much time (= weeks ).
↑ The multi-probe atomic force microscopes can deal with large (static and dynamical) molecules which molecular motion can Never be expressed by the unrealistically-time-consuming quantum mechanics (= or DFT, MD ).
↑ This is why academia has to intentionally prevent developing practical multi-probe atomic force microscopes just to protect this useless time-consuming old quantum mechanical methods.
So just using real atomic shape measured by the (multi-probe) atomic force microscope (and treating each molecule as a real object with shape ) is OK to identify various molecules immediately and build useful molecular machines.
The impractically-time-consuming quantum mechanics and DFT shapeless atomic model (= unphysical wavefunctions, this-last-paragraph, this p.15 ) are unnecessary, just obstructing the development of nano-technology and the use of multi-probe atomic force microscopes.
Today's academia and universities need these unphysical, useless quantum mechanics and DFT model ( this p.5 ) lacking real atomic shape which just prevent the developing useful multi-probe atomic force microscopes (= though they already have the technology of building the useful multi-probe atomic force microscopes ) and lead to today's fake harmful science making our life unhappy.
To protect this old vested interests and unnecessary quantum mechanical (DFT) model, they purposefully refuse to build practical multi-probe atomic force microscope that will need the much-simpler atomic model using just the measured shape, which will make the too time-consuming quantum mechanical and DFT models useless, obsolete, which the academia fears.
↑ It is too time-consuming to conduct DFT calculation of energies between one probe tip and the sample molecule even only from one upper side, so it is much more impossible and more time-consuming to calculate DFT energies between multiple probes and the (rotated) sample molecules from various sides (= The impractical DFT with shapeless atoms has to calculate many chosen wavefunctions' terms and pseudo-potential energies of multiple probes in many different positions around the molecule, which is unrealistic )
(Fig.4) The use of many-probe, multi-probe atomic force microscopes can efficiently, speedily generate artificial chemical reactions and desired molecular bonds.
Unlike the useless one probe, atomic force microscopes with multiple probes can observe, analyze, manipulate any forms of molecules and proteins (= in case of a large protein, breaking the protein little by little using artificial molecular bond dissociation through applying voltage enables us to know the precise outer and inner protein structure by the multi-probe atomic force microscope, this p.21 ).
Of course, the practical multi-probe atomic force microscope can design and build useful molecular devices (= used for artificial efficient photosynthesis based on artificial catalysts and curing cancers ) by manipulating single atoms, using realistic atomic model with shape (= instead of the unphysical impractical quantum mechanical shapeless atomic model ).
Efficient speedy chemical reactions forming artificial covalent bonds between the designated atoms of molecules, which are impossible otherwise, are possible using multi-probe atomic force microscopes.
In the process of the speedy artificial chemical (= molecular bond ) reactions, first we deposit distilled pure molecules over a substrate (= by vacuum deposition or something ).
If we put some different marks or narrow lines (< 10nm ) with slightly different heights (or different lengths, widths ) or consisting of different atoms on different positions of the substrate, we can know the positions of each probe (and deposited molecules ) immediately when tips touch the substrate surface.
Next, we can know the positions of target molecules deposited over the substrate by using non-contact (= high-resolution quartz sensor ) atomic force microscope with many probe tips (= each probe can move in z direction independently to detect target molecules with different heights automatically at very high speed. All these many probes are moved together in x,y directions ).
↑ A probe tip can be moved (= displaced ) up to the distance of 0.1% of the piezo electric material (= actuator ), so moving atoms 1μm needs 1mm piezo electric material ( this p.3-left, this 4~6th-paragraphs ).
↑ Moving each probe of many probes in x-y directions independently needs much space of the piezo material (= 1mm × 1mm ) in each probe, while moving each probe only in z direction independently does not need so much space (= just tiny 1μm × 1μm space in x,y directions is OK ), which can increase the dense of probes (= many compact probe tips ) and speed up the atomic force microscope finding all target molecules deposited over the substrate.
After knowing the positions of target molecules on the substrate by many probes, we can move those molecules by an atomic force microscope with multiple probes (= manipulating single molecules freely in x,y,z directions ) from the substrate to some designated places where many artificial covalent bonds can be formed simultaneously by applying voltages between two molecules placed on designated positions.
As a result, the fast, practical mass production of artificial molecules with desired covalent bonds (= which are impossible in other ways ) is possible in the atomic force microscope with multiple probe tips manipulating single molecules.
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