$B!V$3$l$+$iO@J8$r=q$/ $B=PHG8e$N?J9T>u67(B

$B
$B?J9T>u67%[!<%`(B


4/30 ($B?e(B) $B$N?JJb!!5o<<2~B$Bh0lCF(B
$B8&5f<<$N;d$N5o<<$N2~B$Bh0lCF$,9T$o$l$?!#It20$r4V;E@Z$j$GFsJ,3d$9$kA0=`Hw$H$7$F!"%,%9Bf$HN.$7$H$r;d$N5o=;B&$K0\F0$9$k$N$@!#8=:_$O!"%$%s(B $B%-%e%Y!<%?CV$->lB&$H$J$kJ}$K$"$j!"$=$N$^$^$K$7$F$OITJX$G$"$k!#$h$C$FK\F|0\F0$7$FLc$C$?!#H>F|$G=*N;!#(B
$B!!0\F0$7$?$*$+$2$G!"FsJ,3d8e$NIt20$N%$%a!<%8$,=PMh$?!#K\C*!&=qN`F~$lEy$b!"8=:_$N>l=j$+$iF0$+$9J}$,NI$5$=$&$@!#D9$5$rB,$j$J$,$i$"$l$3$l9M(B $B$(!"G[CV?^$r:n$j>e$2$?!#$J$s$@$+$s$@$G<}$^$j$=$&$G$"$k!#(B5/21 $B$K4V;E@Z$j$N@_CV9);v$,$"$k$N$G!"$=$NA0$K0lIt$NK\C*$r0\F0$9$kI,MW$,$"$j$=$&$@!#4V;E@Z$j@_CV8e$K;D$j$rF0$+$9!#3'!"
$BFAEgBg3X0e3XIt$G9T$&O@J8$N=q$-J}$N9V1i=`Hw$r?J$a$?!#K\F|$b!"(BNature $B$NO@J8$HbK$a$C$3$7$?!#$*$+$2$G!"35$M=PMh>e$,$C$?!#(B
$B!!K\F|F@$?CN<1!#%R%H2=%^%&%9$C$F$$$k$s$@$M!#0l=V!"%_%C%-!<%^%&%9$_$?$$$J$N$,;W$$Ib$+$s$@$,!"$"$s$J$N:n$C$F$O%&%6$$$@$1$G$"$k!#0dEA;R!&:Y(B $BK&!&AH?%$N0lIt$,?M4V$NJ*$KCV$-49$o$C$?%^%&%9$N$3$H$@$=$&$@(B(Wikipedia $B$h$j(B)$B!#$3$l$r;H$C$F$B2?$@(B $B$=$l(B $B!$B!W$H$A$g$C$H;W$C$?;d$G$"$C$?!#(B

$B:#F|$b!"?M@8AjCL0l;~4V!#(B
4/29 ($B2P(B) $B$N?JJb!!$^$?$7$F$b>!$F$:(B
$B%Y%,%k%?@gBf(B 0-0 $B@n:j%U%m%s%?!<%l!#0-$/$O$J$$FbMF$@$C$?!#$7$+$7!"$^$?$7$F$b>!$F$J$+$C$?$3$H$,=E$/$N$7$+$+$k!#(B

$B;n9g$OMuBV$K$J$C$F$$$k$N$Ge:No$K$7$?$$!#$=$NA0$K$A$g$C$H!"I_CO<~$j$NF;O)B&9BItJ,(B $B$r$H;W$C$?!#$3$l$,$1$C$3$&BgJQ$G$"$C$?!#$3$\$lrM}$O$J$K$f$($K$+!W$HC2$$$F$"$2$J$,$i!";(Ap$r$\$3$\$3H4$$$F$$$C$?!#%$(B $B%m%O%b%_%8$N2j@8$($bFs$D!#9b$5(B 50 cm $B$[$I$NCU-Mh$I$&$9$k$D$b$j$+!#$J$I$H$5$^$6$^$JL5>p$r46$8$J$,$iAp $B!!Ck?)$r@]$j$,$F$i%,!<%G%s%,!<%G%s$K9T$C$F!"%$%s%0%j%C%7%e%i%Y%s%@!<$H%Y%m%K%+$H$rGc$C$?!#2VCE$N0lIt$,MgCO2=$7$F$7$^$C$F$$$k$N$G!"I|6=7W(B $B2h$r?d?JCf$G$"$k!#(B
2 $B;~2a$.$K<+Bp$r=P$F!"%f%"%F%C%/%9%?%8%"%`@gBf$X$H8~$+$C$?!#4Q5R@J$O $B!!;n9g$NJ}$O!"N)$A>e$,$j$O0lJ}E*$K96$a9~$^$l$kE83+$H$J$C$?!#$7$+$7=y!9$K;}$AD>$7$F8_3Q$NE83+$K$J$C$F$-$?!#8eH>$K$J$k$H40A4$K8_3Q!#(BFW $BIpF#$N%7%e!<%H$,OH$KEv$?$k$J$I!"!V$d$O$j$3$N?M!"E@$r!$D$3$H$,=PMh$?$H$b;W$($?!#$b!"(B15 $B0L$rL\I8$K$8$C$/$j$HF.$&$7$+$"$k$^$$!#(B
$B!!%3%s%3!<%9$rJb$$$F$$$?$i!";385D.$N%$%A%4GdE9$N?M$K@<$r$+$1$i$l$?!#@8J*3X2JB46H@8$N(B K $B7/$G$O$J$$$+!#5I6C!#%$%A%4:n$j$N2q
4/28 ($B7n(B) $B$N?JJb!!O@J8::FI$NLdBjE@(B
$B$3$s$JO@J8$r8+$D$1$F$7$^$C$?!#(B

Modelling the effects of subjective and objective decision making in scientific peer review.  Nature (2014) 506:93-96

$B2J3X$N@$3&$G$O!"8&5f$N8&5f$,$I$&9M$($F(B $B$$$k$N$+$K1F6A$5$l$d$9$$$s$@$C$F!#$=$N$?$a!"8m$C$?9M$($,9-$^$C$F$$$?$H$7$F$b!"$=$l$r<+>t$9$k:nMQ$,F/$-$K$/$$$=$&$@!#$=$l$O$$$1$^$;$s$J!#(B
$B!!8D?ME*$K5$$K$J$C$?$N$O!"$3$NO@J8$r::FI$7$??M$N$3$H$@!#$J$s$+!"$9$4$/%l%8%'%/%H$7$K$/$=$&!#1*oh$K%j%8%'%/%H$7$?$i!"!V$3$N::FI
5 $B7n(B 11 $BF|$K!"FAEgBg3X0e3XIt$GO@J8$N=q$-J}$N9V1i$r9T$&!#G[IU;qNA$,$"$C$?$i!"(B8 $BF|$^$G$KAw$C$FM_$7$$$H$N$3$H$G$"$C$?!#$^$@@h$N$D$b$j$G$$$?$1$l$I!"O"5Y$,F~$C$F$7$^$&$G$O$J$$$+!#$H$$$&$o$1$G!":#F|$+$i9V1i=`Hw$r;O$a$?!#(B $B$^$:$O!"(B $B%M%?$H$7$F;H$($=$&$J0e3XO@J8$rC5$=$&!#$=$3$GNc$K$h$C$F!"(BNature $B$NF|K\8lMWLs$rFI$_$^$/$C$?!#9f$r=gHV$KAL$C$F$$$C$?$i!"Nc$N$*A{$,$;O@J8$N9f$K9T$-Ce$$$?!#$D$$$D$$8+$F$7$^$C$?!#$=$7$F6C$$$?!#(B

Contributions
H.O. and Y.S. wrote the manuscript. H.O., T.W. and Y.S. performed experiments, and K.K. assisted with H.O.$B!G(Bs transplantation experiments. H.O., T.W., Y.S., H.N. and C.A.V. designed the project. M.P.V. and M.Y. helped with the design and evaluation of the project.

Y.S. $B$5$s$F!"@hF|$N5-O=q$->e$2$N#4CJ3,$,$"$k$H$7!"<+?H$,2C$o$C$?$N$O!":G8e(B $B$NO@J8$N(B $B=q$-D>$7$+$i!W(B($BD+F|?7J9(B$B$h(B $B$j(B)$B$H8@$C$F$$$?$N$K!#(B

4/27 ($BF|(B) $B$N?JJb!!%9%2$r=M@5(B
$B2f$,2H$NDm$NNS>2$N%9%2$,8+6l$7$/$J$C$F$$$?!#$b$o$C$H$7$?8G$^$j$K$J$C$F$$$F!"A4A3e:No$G$O$J$$!#B>$N?"J*$r=|30$7$F$7$^$C$F$$$k$N$b5$$KF~$i(B $B$J$$!#H>J,$/$i$$$K8:$i$=$&$H%9%3%C%W$rh$C$F$-$F!"!V2f$,2H$NNS>2$K%9%2$O$$(B $B$i$J$$!W$HRl$-$J$,$i!"$I$s$I$s$H7!$j$G$"$k!#9s$$$3$H$9$kDm $B!!$=$N8e!"%,!<%G%s%,!<%G%s$H%6!&%,!<%G%s$KGc$$J*$K9T$C$?!#$3$&$bCH$+$$$H1`7]5$J,$r$=$=$k$+$i$M!#%/%l%^%A%9!&%$%s%0%j%C%7%e%i%Y%s%@!p$,$J$$$?$a$+!"$+$D$F9XF~$7$?3t$O$$$D$N4V$K$+>C$($F$$$C$?!#$H;W(B $B$$$-$d!"7r5$$K?72j$,=P$FMh$F$$$k;Q$rH/8+!#$5$i$K$O!"!Vi,i/$K;w9g$&%/%l%^%A%9!W$J$I$H$$$&J8LL$r8+$F!"5^B.$K$=$N5$$K$J$C$?!#i,i/$H0l=o$K(B $B%U%'%s%9$KMm$a(B $B$F!"!V$$$:$l$,i,i/$+%/%l%^%A%9!W$H$$$&6K$a$F$o$+$j$d$9$$>u67$K$7$F$d$m$&!#(B

$B%Y%,%k%?@gBf%l%G%#!<%9(B 3-0 FC $B5HHw9q:]Bg3X(B Charme$B!#1s$/2,;3$NCO$G!"$-$C$A$j$H>!Mx$7$?LOMM$G$"$k!#$5$i$K4r$7$$$3$H$K$O!"(BFW $B>.;3(B $B5(3(A*l$7$?!#I|3h$*$a$G$H$&!*(B $B:r5($KpWBS$rCGNv$7!"D9$$%j%O%S%j$KNe$s$G$$$?A*h$j1[$($F!"$H$&$H$&La$C$F$-$?!#$"$NCF4]%7%e!<%H$r$^$?8+$i$l$k$H;W$&$H(B $B4r$7$/$F(B $B$?$^$i$J$$!#(B
$BLk$O!"9uED4*J<1R$r1~1g$7$J$,$i=K>!2q$r$7$?!#(B10 $B;~$K$O?2$k$D$b$j$,!"5$$E$/$H(B 11 $B;~H>!#!V(B10 $B;~$K$O?2$F$$$?!W$H$$$&E@$G$OB?J,$=$NDL$j$J$N$G$"$k$,!"5o4V$G$H$$$&$N$,$h$/$J$$!#$3$N$H$3$m!"0l?M$G0{$`$HI,$:?2$F$$$k!#$I$&$K$+$7$?$$!#!V(B$BBg(B $B@*$G0{$s$G$bI,$:?2$F$$$k(B$B!W$H$$$&3X@8$N@<$,J9$3$($=$&$@$,!#(B

4/26 ($BEZ(B) $B$N?JJb!!$^$?$7$F$b(B
$B%Y%,%k%?@gBf(B 0-1 $B@6?e%(%9%Q%k%9!#$3$l$G(B 3 $BO"GT!#(B

$B;n9g$O8a8e$+$i!#8aA0Cf$O!"Dm;E;v$r$7$?$j$"$s$rH~MF1!$KO"$l$F9T$C$?$j$7$?!#:#5(FsEYL\$N$B;n9g$,;O$^$C$?!#E(CO$J$N$G(B CS $B$G1~1g$@!#A0H>$N@gBf$ONI$+$C$?!#@6?e$N96$a$rIu$89~$a%7%e!<%H$rBG$?$;$J$+$C$?!#$7$+$7!"9%5!$r:n$k$b$N$N%4!<%k$r3d$k$3$H$,$G$-$J$$!#8eH>$K(B $B$J$k$H8_(B $B3Q$NE83+$K!#$=$7$F0l=V$N7d$rFM$+$l$F<:E@$7$F$7$^$C$?!#$=$N$^$^;n9g=*N;!#(B0-1 $B$NGT@o$H$J$C$?!#(B
$B!!:#5(%j!<%0@o!"(B9 $B;n9g$G$o$:$+(B 4 $BF@E@$G$"$k!#$7$+$b!"N.$l$NCf$+$i$NF@E@$,$J$$!#?<9o$J7hDjNOITB-$K4Y$C$F$7$^$C$?!#$$$C$?$$$I$&$9$l$PNI$$$N$+!#(B1 $BE@
4/25 ($B6b(B) $B$N?JJb!!E}7W$NJY6/2q(B
$B:#F|$O$[$\4]0lF|!"E}7W$NJY6/2q$r$7$?!#$^$:=i$a$K;d$,!"@8BV3X2q$N=82q$G$NGtC+$5$s$NOC(B($B@8BV3X$K$*$1$k(B AIC $B$N8mMQ(B)$B$r>R2p$7$?!#KAF,$N%9%i%$%I$K!"!VEj9FO@J8$K(B AIC $B$H$@$1=q$$$?$i!"(BArtificially Intelligent Catle? $B$H=q$+$l$?$3$H$,$"$k!W$H=q$$$F$*$$$?$N$@$,!"3'$K(B$B$^$C$?$/L5;k$5$l$?(B$B$3$H$,Ha$7$+$C$?!#$D$$$G3'$,!"(B Ecology $B;o(B 3 $B7n9f$NFC=8(B "Forum$B!=(BP Values and Model Selection" $B$r>R2p$7$F$/$l$?!#$+$J$j9bEY$JFbMF$G$"$C$?!#@5D>Fq$7$+$C$?!#(BP $BCM$b $B!!8D?ME*$K0u>]$K;D$C$?$N$O!"(B"To P or not to P?" $B$H$$$&%?%$%H%k$NO@J8$,$"$C$?$3$H$@!#0_$,0-$/$FG:$s$G$$$?$H$-(B($B2003.11.25 $B$N?JJb(B$B;2>H(B)$B!#(B$B30?M$bF1$8$h$&$J%&(B $B%1$rA@$&$N$+(B$B$H46F0$7$?!#(B

$B%Y%,%k%?@gBf$OL@F|!"E(CO$G@6?e%(%9%Q%k%9$HF.$&(B(14 $B;~;n9g3+;O(B)$B!#l9g$G$O$J$$!#@gBf$KI,MW$J$N$O>!Mx$N$_!*(B  $B2?$,$J$s$G$b>!$C$F!"(BV $B;z2sI|$r;O$a$h$&!#(B
$B!!%l%G%#!<%9$OL@8eF|!"E(CO$G(B FC $B5HHw9q:]Bg3X(B Charme $B$HF.$&(B(13 $B;~;n9g3+;O(B)$B!#$3$A$i$O3N!$C$F!"
4/24 ($BLZ(B) $B$N?JJb!!9V5A$N46A[(B
$B$J$s$+Hh$l$F5"Bp$7$?!#0{$_2a$.$?$+!#$H!"C^GHBg3XImB06p>l9b9;$N@8EL$5$s$+$i9V5A$N46A[$,Aw$i$l$FMh$F$$$?!#Aa$$!#9%I>$@$C$?$h$&$G2?$h$j$G$"(B $B$k!#!VL\$+$iNZ!W$H$$$&8@MU$,?t?M$N46A[$K:\$C$F$$$?!#4r$7$$!#4hD%$C$F!"N)GI$J2]Bj8&5f$r?J$a$F$*$/$l!#(B

$B$;$C$+$/El5~$KMh$?$N$@$+$i$H!"0K@*C0$N?)4oGd$j>l$rGA$$$?!#$H!"$*^/Mn$J4o$r8+$D$1$F$7$^$C$?!#$D$$$D$$9XF~!#?%It>F$-$J$j!#NAM}$r@9(B $B$k$N$,3Z$7$_$@!#$?$@$73X@8$K!"(B$B%P!<%Y%-%e!<$N4o$K;H$o$l$k(B$B7|G0$,$"$k!#(B
4/23 ($B?e(B) $B$N?JJb!!C^GHBg3XImB06p>l9b9;$G9V5A(B
$B:#F|$O!"C^GHBg3XImB06p>l9b9;$G!"%]%9%?!lElBgA0$K9T$C$?!#$3$3$K9_$jN)(B $B$D$N$O5W$7$V$j$G$"$k!#ElBg$K$O$1$C$3$&9T$C$F$$$?$+$i!#$7$+$7:#F|$OH?BPB&$X$H8~$+$C$?!#C^GHBg3XImB06p>l9b9;$KCe$/$H!"C4Ev$N(B U $B@h@8$K$5$C$=$/$*2q$$$7$?!#$=$7$F(B 16 $B;~$+$i(B 18 $B;~$^$G9V5A$r9T$C$?!#D0=0$O!"(B20 $B?M$[$I!#0l3XG/$^$H$a$F$H$$$&9V5A$G$O$J$+$C$?!#;22C@8EL$O3'!"$3$l$+$i2]Bj8&5f$r?J$a$F$$$/$=$&$@!#8&5f3hF0$KD>7k$9$k$3$H$J$N$G!"G.?4$KD0$$(B $B$F$/$l$?(B $B$H;W$&!# $B!!(BU $B@h@8!"$*@$OC$K$J$j$^$7$?!#$*8F$S2<$5$l$P$^$?4n$s$G;G$$$^$9!#(B

$B8aA0Cf$K!"@8J*3X2J;0G/@88~$1$N9V5A$r$7$?!#2V$N%8%l%s%^$H$$$&$*Bj$G!"K,2V:+Cn$rM60z$9$k$3$H$N%8%l%s%^$NOC$r$7$?!#$*$*$`$M!"G.?4$K(B $BD0$$$F$/$l$?$H;W$&!#pw$$$F$/$l$k$H855$$,=P$k$h$M!#$?$@$7:#F|$be$2$FD:BW!*(B
$BC^GHBg3XImB06p>l9b9;$G9V5A$r$7$?8e!"Dk9q%[%F%k$N5HC{$K9T$C$F$7$^$C$?!#$H$F$bH~L#$7$+$C$?!#$H$/$K!"Bd$N3u=A$,@($+$C$?!#$*$D$f$N;](B $B$5$K467c!#3o:+I[$HBd$N$"$i$N$*=P$7$@$=$&$J!#$=$l$r2?EY$b9w$7$FF)L@$K$9$k!#:#EYD)@o$7$F$_$h$&!#(B
4/22 ($B2P(B) $B$N?JJb!!5o<<2~NI$X(B
$B8&5f<<$N;d$NIt20$K?75,@_CV$5$l$?%0%m!<%9%A%c%s%P!<$,;OF0$r3+;O$7$?!#$D$^$j!"5o<<$NH>J,$,l=j$r(B $B0\F0$7!"J,$K;E@Z$k!#$9$G$KH/Cm:Q$_$G$"$k!#;d$N5o<<$H$J$kItJ,$O!"?4CO$h$$@83h6u4V$K$7$h$&!#(B -------------- $B$7$+$7K\C*$,B?2a$.$k!#CV$/>l=j$,$J$$$+$b!#$[$\H>J,$r@j5r$7$F$$$k3X=Q;(;o$r8+$k$K$D$1!"
$B$+$($A$c$s$HB46H8&5f$NAjCL!#$=$NJ}8~$GD4$Y$F$_$h$&!#(B
$B!!$+$($A$c$s$r!"L>;z$NF,$N!V;z$NF,$N!V>e!W$reMM!W$H8F$V$3$H$H$NBP(B $B$G$"$k$i$7$$!#3N$+$K!">eMM$HeMM$OE72Z$N08L>$G$O(B?$B!W$J$I$H;W$C$F$O$$$1$J$$!#(B

Mathematica $B$N%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s$r1 $B2/G/$H$+$r$+$1$F5/$3$C$?$3$H(B$B$J$N$G!"?t==J,$G$I$&$K$+$7$h$&$H$$$&J}$,$*$+$7$$$+!#(B
$BL@F|$O!"@8J*3X2J;0G/@88~$1$N9V5A$r$7$?8e!"C^GHBg3XImB06p>l9b9;$K=PD%$9$k!#%]%9%?!4/21 ($B7n(B) $B$N?JJb!!:4!9LZ4FFD$,Mh$F$$$?(B
$B:rF|$N%Y%,%k%?@gBf%l%G%#!<%9$N;n9g$K!"$J$G$7$3$N:4!9LZ(B $BB'IW4FFD$,;k;!$KMh$F$$$?$=$&$@!#$9$4$$!#Fb$NA* $B!!$H$&$o$1$G%Y%,%k%?@gBf%l%G%#!<%9$O8=:_(B 2 $B0L$G$"$k!#$3$N@*$$$G
$B?M@8AjCL0l;~4V!#(B
$B@8J*3X2J;0G/@88~$1$N9V5A$N=`Hw$r$7$?!#$=$N8e!"%b%G%k$r$A$g$C$H2~NI$7$F$_$?!#>e$B8@$$Lu$r9M$($k(B$B3+$-D>$k!#(B
4/20 ($BF|(B) $B$N?JJb!!:k6L$K>!Mx(B  $B$"$j$,$H$&GrH(
$B%Y%,%k%?@gBf%l%G%#!<%9(B 1-0 AS $B%(%k%U%'%s:k6L!#(B1 $BE@:9$@$C$?$b$N$N!"FbMF$O05E]$7$F$$$?!#(B
$B!!:rLk$O0[MM$KCY$+$C$?$N$G!"(B9 $B;~A0$N5/>2$H$J$C$?!#=E$$?HBN$KJ\$rBG$C$F(B 10 $B;~A0$K=PH/!#;n9g2q>l$G$"$k@P4,$K8~$+$C$?!#(B
$B!!4Q5R@J$K$ONd$?$$6/Iw$,?a$-IU$1$F$$$?!#:rF|$H$$$$:#F|$H$$$$!"4($$$N$O$b$&7y$@!#$7$+$7!"2f$,%/%i%V$,05E]E*$K;YG[$7$F$$$?$N$G!"?4$O29$+(B $B$+$C$?!#$H$3$m$,$J$+$J$+E@$,F~$i$J$$!#F|K\BeI=$N85(B 25 $BJ,$K(BMF $B>eDT(B $BM$!Mx$7$?!#$G$b!"$"$H(B 2-3 $BE@$O $B!!;n9g=*N;8e!"%3%"%5%]$+$i!V$7$i$O$?!W%3!<%k$,5/$-$?!#:G=i$O!"2?$r8@$C$F$$$k$N$+$o$+$i$J$+$C$?!#$H!"GrH(e=i$a$F!"%5%]!<%?!<$K0&$5$l$?u$bB#$i$l$?!#$[$s$K!"NI$$$N4V$I$&$b$"$j$,$H$&$4$6$$$^$7$?!#(B

$B5"Bp8e!"<F$-Fy$r$7$?!#:rF|$N%P!<%Y%-%e!<$N;D$jLn:Z$,BgNL$K$"$j!"=hM}$9$kI,MW$,$"$C$?$N$@!#H>J,$O$D$^$_$H$7$FD:$-!";D$j(B $B$NH>J,$OJ[Ev$N$*$+$:MQ$K>F$$$?!#$=$l$G$b$5$D$^$$$b$,BgNL$K;D$C$?!#L@F|4/19 ($BEZ(B) $B$N?JJb!!$+$($A$c$s4?7^2q(B
$B:#F|!"2f$,2H$G$+$($A$c$s$N4?7^2q$r$9$k!#$^$:$O%P!<%Y%-%e!<$r$7!"0E$/$J$C$?$i< $B!!$=$N=`Hw$N$?$a!"$A!<$A$c$s!&$^$_$A$c$s!&$+$($A$c$s$HD+;T$GBT$A9g$o$;$k$3$H$K$J$C$F$$$?!#$A$g$C$HAa$/Ce$-2a$.$?$N$G!"JRJ?%-%c%s%Q%9$r;6(B $BJb!#Nd$?$$Iw$,4($$!#:y$N2<$G$O!"$$$/$D$b$N%0%k!<%W$,2V8+$r$7$F$$$?!#$3$N4($$$N$K$h$/$d$k$J$"!#$=$N8e!"D+;T$K0\F0$7$F3'$H9gN.$7$?!#;d$O5{(B $B$rGc$$!"3'$OLn:Z$rGc$C$?!#%@%$%(!<$G$O!"%$%?%]%s$H%P%i%b%s$,Fy$rGc$C$F$$$?!#(B
$B!!2f$,2H$K0\F0$7!"$A!<$A$c$s!&$^$_$A$c$s!&$+$($A$c$s$rAj$B;-(B $B$K?)$Y$i$l$?$h$&$J:/(B$B$,$"$C$?$j$7$?!#(B
$B!!(B4 $B;~H>$/$i$$$+$i!"Dm$G%P!<%Y%-%e!<$r;O$a$?!#8~$+$$$N8x1`$N:y$r3Z$7$a$?$N$ONI$+$C$?$N$G$"$k$,(B $B!D!D!D!#$($i$/4($+$C$?!#JRJ?$G!"2V8+$r$7$F$$$k?M!9$N$3$H$r!V$h$/$d$k$J!W$H;W$C$?$N$G$"$k$,!"(B$B$=$&M=Dj$7$?$N$@$+$i;EJ}$J$$(B$B$N(B $B$+$HDK46$7$?!#$G$b!"3Z$7$+$C$?$7H~L#$7$+$C$?!#%P!<%Y%-%e!<$N:G8e$K$O!"ON$rG3$d$7$F3o$NC!$-$r$7$?!#ON2P$,$A$g$C$He$K3o$,0[MM$KBg(B $B$-$+$C$?$?$a!">F$-$,$A$g$C$HB-$j$J$+$C$?!#<:GT!#(B
$B!!<
$B3'!"Bg$$$K3Z$7$s$G$$$?!#$A!<$A$c$s$H(B IH $BD4M}4o$NOC$H$J$j!"FMA3$K;d$O(B$BEZFi$r$"$2$?$N(B$B$G$"$C$?!#0JA0$K$b!"$_!<$A$c$s$K(B$B$9(B $B$jH-$r$"$2$?(B$B$3$H$,$"$k(B(2013.2.21 $B$N?JJb(B$B;2>H(B)$B!#AjJQ$o$i(B $B$:$o$+$i$s9TF0$r$9$k$J!#$3$NEZFi$GH~L#$7$$$4HS$r?f$$$FD:BW$M!#Lk$b99$1$k$H!"It20$r0E$/$7$F%i%s%W$rEt$7$?$/$J$k!#$7$+$7!"%i%s%W$N?D$N6q9g(B $B$,$h$/$J$+$C$?!#$+$J$j?l$C$F$$$?;d$O!"%i%s%W$rJ,2r$7$F!"@PL}$N@w$_$??D$rAG
$B%i%s%W$N=I!#(B
$B;D@K$7$/$*3+$-$H$J$C$?!#:#EY$Oi,i/$N;~$K!*(B
$B!!$H$$$&$o$1$G$+$($A$c$s!"$B$+$?$d2f$,%/%i%V$O!"%5%,%sD;@4$K(B 0-3 $B$N;4GT$r5J$7$F$$$?!#96$a9~$s$G$O$$$?$b$N$N!">e
4/18 ($B6b(B) $B$N?JJb!!L@F|$OD;@4@o!"L@8eF|$O:k6L@o(B
$B%Y%,%k%?@gBf$OL@F|!"%f%"%F%C%/%9%?%8%"%`@gBf$K%5%,%sD;@4$r7^$(7b$D(B(14 $B;~;n9g3+;O(B)$B!#EOn5?74FFD$N$b$H!":F@8$NC{$7$r8+$;$F$$$k2f$,%/%i%V$G$"$k!#?eMKF|$N!(B $BMx$7$F!"(B $B%[!<%`%5%]$KI|3h$N0u$r8+$;$h$&!#(B
$B!!%l%G%#!<%9$OL@8eF|!"@P4,%U%C%H%\!<%k>l$K(B AS $B%(%k%U%'%s:k6L$r7^$(7b$D(B(13 $B;~;n9g3+;O(B)$B!#A0@a$O!"F|%F%l%Y%l!<%6$K2y$7$$GT@o$r5J$7$F$7$^$C$?!#L@8eF|$O$9$+$C$H>!$C$F!"$9$+$C$H$5$;$FM_$7$$!*(B

$BB46H@8$N%o%3%?%s$,8&5f<<$KM7$S$KMh$F$/$l$?!#2D0&$$8eGZ$H8rN.!*(B $B$"$C$H8@$&4V$K%o%3%?%s%o!<%k%I$,9-$,$C$?!*(B

$BMh=5$N?eMKF|$K!"C^GHBg3XImB06p>l9b9;$G%]%9%?! $B!!E}7W$NJY6/2q$N=`Hw$r$h$&$d$/=*$($?(B($B$3$H$K$9$k(B)$B!#B>$NC4Ev $B!!%G%i%C%/%9O@J8$O!"$b$&0l2~NII,MW$H$$$&$3$H$K$J$C$?!#(B

4/17 ($BLZ(B) $B$N?JJb!!:yK~3+(B
$B2f$,2H$N6aJU$N:y$,K~3+$@!#(B

$B$:$C$H8~$3$&$^$G!"F;O)1h$$$K:y$,JB$s$G$$$k!#$3$N;~4|!"$3$NF;O)$N(B$B$I??$sCf$rJb$/(B$B$N$,9%$-$G$"$k!#(B

$B$_$C$A!<$K $B!!$=$N8e!"E}7W$NJY6/2q$N=`Hw$r?J$a$?!#0lF|$G:Q$^$9$D$b$j$,$b$&8^F|L\$@!#$$$$2C8:$K=*$($?$$!#2f$,6E$j@-$b$I$&$K$+$7$?$$!#(B

$B?)8e$K%3!<%R!<$r0{$b$&$H;W$$!"%3!<%R!<%a!<%+!<$r%;%C%H$7$?!#HT$$$?F&$N>x$i$7$+$iEr$NCm$.$^$G<+F0$G$d$C$F$/$l$kM%$lJ*$G$"$k!#%9(B $B%$%C%A$rF~$l$F(B 5 $BJ,$[$I!#$4$\$4$\$C$H%3!<%R!<$,F~$C$?2;$,$7$?!#8+$k$HF)L@$N1UBN$,!#(B

$BHT$$$?F&$rF~$l$k$N$rK:$l$F$$$?!#>W7bFCBg$J$j!#(B
$B!!=P$7$r0z$3$&$HFi$r2P$K$+$1$k$b!"Er$@$1F~$l$F:+I[$rF~$lK:$l$k$3$H$O$?$^$K$"$k!#Er$r$8$$$C$H8+$F$$$F$b!"?.$8@Z$C$F$$$F!"!V2?$+JQ$@!W$H$O(B $B$1$C$3$&5$$E$+$J$$$b$N$J$N$h!#$7$+$7!"%3!<%R!
4/16 ($B?e(B) $B$N?JJb!!$&!<$`$J9V5A(B
$B@8J*3X2J;0G/@88~$1$N9V5A$r$7$?!#!V2V$N@8BV3X!W$H$$$&$*Bj$G!"CnG^2V$NM60z@oN,$K4X$9$k$*OC$G$"$C$?!#;d$H$7$F$OLLGr$$FbMF$J$N$@$,(B $B!D!D!D!#@5D>!"$"$s$^$j
$B
$B$+$($A$c$s$HB48&AjCL!#:#7nCf$KJ}8~$r7h$a$h$&!#(B
$B$J$s$+CN$i$s$,!"!V(BSmoking Gun $B7hDjE*>Z5r!W$H$$$&%I%i%^(B($B%U%8%F%l%S7O$GKh=5?eMKF|(B 22 $B;~$+$i(B)$B$NBfK\$r%A%'%C%/$9$k$3$H$K$J$C$?(B($B$4$/0lIt$@$1$I(B)$B!#$^$"3N$+$K!";d$N=j$K2s$C$F$-$F$b$h$5$=$&$JFbMF$G$O$"$k!#$H$$$&$o$1$G!"AR2J(B $B%+%J$A$c$s$NBf;l$rFI$s$8$c$C$?$j$7$F$$$k!#(B$B$=$s$J$3$H$7$F$$$F$$$$$N$+!)(B $B!V$3$l$+$iO@J8$r=q$/$B$H$O!"??LLL\$JFI$B$$$d!"$+$($C$F;W$&$+$b!#(B

$B:#7n(B 25 $BF|$K9T$&E}7WJY6/2q$N=`Hw$r$7$?!#(B8 $B3dJ};E>e$,$C$?$+!#(B
$B!!$=$NGX8e$G!"(BMathematica $B$N%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s$r?J$a$?!#AjJQ$o$i$:0-$$7k2L$,JB$V!#$I$&$9$l$P$h$$!)(B  $B
4/15 ($B2P(B) $B$N?JJb!!J*M}$NJY6/$r$7$?(B
$B:#F|$b!"@8J*3X2J;0G/@88~$1$N9V5A$N=`Hw$r$7$?!#2V$NEE>l$NO@J8$r>R2p$9$k$N$@!#(B"electric field" $B$H(B "electric potential" $B$H$,=P$FMh$F!"!V$I$A$i$b(B electric $B$@$J!#F1$8$h$&$J$b$N$@$m$&!W$H!"0c$$$r5$$K$;$:$KFI$_?J$a$?!#$7$+$7$=$NFb$K!"OC$NDTjm$,9g$o$J$/$J$C$F$-$?!#860x$O!"(B"electric field" $B$H(B "electric potential" $B$H$K$"$k$d$b$7$l$J$$!#2~$a$FD4$YD>$7$?$i!"A0l!W8e$B0-0U$N$J$$%_%9(B
$B$HH=CG$7$?!#(B

$B%P%i%b%s$H!"%+%P!<%l%?!<$N$d$j$H$j$,B3$$$?!#$=$7$F$D$$$K(B ($B!v(B) OK $B$r=P$7$?!#$*Hh$lMM!"$h$/4hD%$C$?(B!  $B:G=*9F$r@0$(!"1QJ89;1\$K=P$9$N$@!*(B

$B!v!V$=$7$F$D$$$K(B OK $B$r=P$7$?!W$G$O$J$/!"!V$=$7$F$D$$(B  OK $B$r=P$7$?!W$H%?%$%W%_%9$7$F$$$F!"$7$P$i$/5$$E$+$J$+$C$?!#!V$K!W$,$"$k$+$J$$$+$G0UL#$"$$$,Bg$-$/JQ$o$k!#F|K\8l62$m$7$d!#$"!"$$$d!"1Q8l$b62(B $B$m$7(B $B$$!#(B"w" $B$,(B "t" $B$KJQ$o$k$@$1$G!"0UL#$,(B 180 $BEYE>49$9$k$N$G$"$k(B(2009.4.23 $B$N?JJb(B$B;2>H(B)$B!#(B

"I hope that the revised manuscript is now suitable for publication in the Journal of theoretical Biology"
"I hope that the revised manuscript is not suitable for publication in the Journal of theoretical Biology"


$B$+$?$d!"%G%i%C%/%9O@J8$N2~D{$r$_$C$A!<$,?J$a$F$/$l$?!#:F2r@O$"$j$,$H$&!#8e$O;d$,$d$k!#?5=E$K?5=E$KBP1~$7$F!"I,$:$d%"%/%;%W%H$5$;(B $B$k!#(B
$B!!$=$l$K$7$F$b!"1QJ89;1\$K=P$;$H$^$?$7$F$b8@$o$l$F$7$^$C$?!#$7$+$?$J$$!"?7$7$$6H
4/14 ($B7n(B) $B$N?JJb!!3X@8
$B@8J*3X2J;0G/@88~$1$N3X@8l=j$r7h$a$FLc$C$?!#$=$N:]!"!V3N$+$3$3$iJU$,BgJQ!W$HEA(B $B$($?>e(B $B$G!">!$C$?HI$+$i9%$-$J>l=j$rA*$s$GLc$C$?!#$^$::G=i$K!";d$N8@MU$,(B$B$^$C$?$/$N4V0c$$$G$"$C$?(B$B$3$H$r!$C$F(B $BNI$$>l=j$rA*$s$@$O$:$N(B 1 $BHI$,!"7k2L$H$7$F(B 1 $BHV2a9s$J>l=j$r$d$k$3$H$K$J$C$?!#D4::$r=*$($?HI$rl=j$O=*$o$k5$G[$,$J$$!#!V?I$$$G$9$+$!!$9$N$G!"MhG/(B$B$b$&0lEY;0G/@8(B$B$r$d$C$F$O$I$&$+!#(B

$B@8J*3X2J;0G/@88~$1$N9V5A$N=`Hw$r$7$?!#!V(Bflower, floral$B!W$H$$$&8!:w8l$G!"LLGr$=$&$JJ88%$rC5$7$?!#$=$7$F;W$$=P$7$?!#2V$NEE<'>l$NOC$,$"$C$?$s$@(B(2013.4.5 $B$N?JJb(B$B;2>H(B)$B!#$3$l$r?7$7$/>R2p$7$h$&!#(B

4/13 ($BF|(B) $B$N?JJb!!GrH(
$B;DG0$JJs$;$,Iq$$9~$s$G$-$?!#%Y%,%k%?@gBf$NGrH( $B!!$O$C$-$j8@$C$F!"%Y%,%k%?$NNrBe:3J!"(BACL $B=P>l!"%l%G%#!<%9AO@_!"?7N}=,>l7z@_$J$I$J$I!#>o$K8=>l$K=P$F!"%5%]$HIaDL$K@\$7$F2<$5$j$b$7$?!# $B!!GrH(
$BI_CO$N<~$j$NF;O)1h$$$NA]=|$r$7$?!#Mn$AMU$@$N:=$@$N$,$1$C$3$&N/$^$C$F$$$?$N$@!#$3$l$i$r!"d6$H$A$j$H$j$Ge:No$K
4/12 ($BEZ(B) $B$N?JJb!!=i>!Mx$H=iGTKL(B
$B%Y%,%k%?@gBf(B 2-0 $B2#IM(B F $B%^%j%N%9!#%Y%,%k%?@gBf%l%G%#!<%9(B 0-2 $BF|%F%l%Y%l!<%6!#4?4n$H;DG0$NF|$G$"$C$?!#(B
$B!!(B8 $B;~A0!"$"$s$r>h$;$F!"%l%G%#!<%9$N;n9g2q>l$G$"$k=)ED$K8~$+$C$?!#(B10 $B;~H>:"$KE~Ce!#$&$@$&$@$H$7$?8e!"H,66N&>e6%5;>l$K9T$C$?!#$3$3$G$"$s$r;6Jb$5$;$?!#$3$N$?$a$@$1$KBSF1$7$?$"$s$G$"$C$?!#M7$SB-$j$J$$$N$+!" $B!!;n9g2q>l$KF~$C$F5I6C$7$?!#Nd$?$$6/Iw$,?a$-9S$l$F$$$k!#$3$l$O;n9g$K1F6A$9$k$G$"$m$&!#A0H>!"@gBf$,Iw2<$KN)$C$?!#%m%s%0%-%C%/$,!"J|J*@~$r(B $BIA$$$FHt$s$G9T$/$b$N$N!"ESCf$+$i?bD>$KMn$A$F$/$k$h$&$J>u67$G$"$C$?!#$=$N$?$a$+!"@gBf$,0lJ}E*$K2!$79~$^$l$kE83+$H$J$C$F$7$^$C$?!#$=$l$G$b(B $B7hDj5!$r:n$C$?$N$O@gBf$G$"$C$?!#$7$+$77h$a$-$l$:$K!"(B0-0 $B$N$^$^A0H>$r=*$($?!#8eH>Iw>e$KN)$F$P!":#EY$O@gBf$,2!$79~$`$h$&$K$J$k$H;W$C$F$$$?$N$G$"$k$,!"$d$O$jF|%F%l$,2!$79~$`E83+$H$J$C$?!#$&!<$`!"(B $B$3$l$O $B!!(B15 $B;~2a$.$K5"O)$KCe$$$?!#ES>e!"CK;R$N;n9g7k2L$r7HBS$G3NG'$7$?!#$J$s$H!"(B2-0 $B$G>!$C$F$$$?!*(B $B@5D>$S$C$/$j$7$?!#A04FFD$K43$5$l$F$$$?(B FW $B@VNf$,(B 2 $BF@E@$N3hLv$G$"$C$?$i$7$$!#$3$l$G:#5(=i>!Mx$G$"$k!#$I$3$m$+!":rG/$N(B 10 $B7n0JMh$N>!Mx$G$"$k!#EOn5?74FFD!"$d$C$F$/$l$=$&$@!#(B

$B5"Bp8e!";DG02q7s=K2l2q$r$7$?!#%U%-%N%H%&$NE7$W$i$KD)@o$7B3$1$F$$$k$N$@$1$l$I!":#F|$b<:GT$G$"$C$?!#L}$r5[$$9~$s$G$Y$A$c$C$H$7$?46(B $B$8$K$J$C$F$7$^$&!#L}29$NLdBj$b$"$k$+$b!#$b$&0l$D!"Jq$r3+$$$F2V$rO*=P$5$;$k$+H]$+$H$$$&LdBj$b$"$j$=$&$@!#K\3JE*$JK\$K$O!V3+$1!W$H=q$$$F$"(B $B$k$N$G!":#$N$H$3$m$=$l$K=>$C$F$$$k!#3+$/M}M3$O!"$=$&$7$J$$$H2V$,9u$/$J$C$F$7$^$&$?$a$@$=$&$@!#$7$+$7!"3+$$$FMH$2$k$?$a$KL}$r5[$$9~$s$G$7(B $B$^$C$F$$$k5$$,$9$k!#B>$NK\$r8+$F$_$k$H!"Jq$rJD$8$?$^$^MH$2$F$$$?!#$&!$BJD$8$?$^$^$J$i8+$($J$$$N$G$O(B $B$J$$$+(B$B$H$$$&5?Ld$KFM$-Ev$?$C$?$N$G$"$C$?!#(B
4/11 ($B7n(B) $B$N?JJb!!L@F|$OF|%F%l@o$H2#IM@o(B
$B%Y%,%k%?@gBf%l%G%#!<%9$OL@F|!"=)ED;TH,66N&>e6%5;>l$GF|%F%l%Y%l!<%6$HF.$&(B(13 $B;~;n9g3+;O(B)$B!#3+Kk(B 2 $BO">!$H9%D4$N2f$,%/%i%V$G$"$k!#$5$i$K$O!"@iMU4FFD$NCB@8F|=K$$$,$+$+$C$F$$$k!#@iMU4FFD$O!"!VIJJ*$h$j>!Mx$,$$$$!W(B($BF|(B $B4)%9%]!<%D(B$B$h$j(B)$B$H8l$j!"(B$B%W%l%<%s%H$NCf?H$rMW5a(B$B$7$A$c$C$F$:$&$:$&$7$$$+$b!#(B$BIJJ*$NJ}$,4JC1$@$7!#(B$B$+(B $B$?$dF|%F%l$O!"8@$o$:$HCN$l$?8E9k$@!#M%>!8uJd$NI.F,$d$b$7$l$J$$!#F|%F%l$N%[!<%`;n9g$J$N$K2f$,%/%i%V$NJ}$,6a$$$H$$$&CO$NMx$r3h$+$7!"$-$C$H(B $B>!Mx$7$F$/$l$h$&!#;d$O$b$A$m$s1~1g$K9T$/!*(B
$B!!$+$?$dCK;R$OL@F|!"2#IM(B F $B%^%j%N%9$HE(CO$GBP@o$9$k(B(14 $B;~;n9g3+;O(B)$B!#4FFD$,BX$o$C$F:G=i$N;n9g$G$"$k!#5^$K6/$/$J$k$b$N$G$O$J$$$@$m$&$,!"5$;}$A$N@Z$jBX$($O=PMh$k$G$"$m$&!#:#5(=i>!Mx$rI,$:$d>e(B $B$2!"0l5$$K(B $B>e>:5$N.$K>h$m$&!*(B

$B:#F|$b!"E}7WJY6/2q$N=`Hw$r?J$a$?!#:G=i$O!"(B1 $BF|$G$A$c$C$A$c$H:Q$^$9$D$b$j$G$"$C$?!#$7$+$7$I$s$I$s6E$C$F$7$^$C$F$$$k!#:#F|$G$b$&(B3$BF|$b=`Hw$KHq$d$7$F$7$^$C$?!#B>$K$b$d$k$Y$-$3$H$,$"$k(B $B$N$K!#$7(B $B$+$7!"L\$NA0$K$"$k%W%l%<%s$H$$$&KbJ*$+$iF($l$i$l$J$$!#2f$,$5$,$J$j!#(B
$B!!$=$NGX8e$G$O!"(BMathematica $B$,%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s$r$B0-$$7k2L(B$B$r=P$7$F$$$k!#$^$C$?$/!#(B

$BBN=E8:>/$KG:$s$G$$$k;d$G$"$k!#>eIt>C2=4o$K$O0[>o$J$7$G$"$C$?!#$H$J$k$HB>$N2DG=@-$O!)(B  $B%M%C%H$GD4$Y$F$$$?$i!"$.$g$C$H$9$k2DG=@-$r8+$D$1$F$7$^$C$?!#;W$o$:8!::$NM=Ls$r$7!"K\F|


$B$O$$!"E|G"IB$G$O$J$+$C$?!#;D$k2DG=@-$O$I$C$+$N4b$+!"%$%(%$%C!*(B

4/10 ($BLZ(B) $B$N?JJb!!Jr$l$?(B
$B:rF|$N>.J]J};a$N2q8+$K$OJr$l$?!#!V(BSTAP $B:YK&$O$"$j$^$9!W!V(BSTAP $B:YK&$O$b$&(B 200 $B2s0J>e:n@=$K@.8y$7$F$$$^$9!W$J$I$H8@$&$P$+$j!#$7$+$7!">Z5r(B ---- $BZ5r$r<($7$FH?O@$7$J$$$H0UL#$,$J$$$G$O$J$$$+!#8}$@$1$J$i2?$H$G$b8@(B $B$($k!#$"(B $B$l$G@$4V$,G
$B%P%i%b%s$NO@J8$,$b$&$9$0;E>e$,$k!*(B

Mathematica $B$K%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s$r$d$i$;Cf!#$=$N4V$K;d$O!"E}7W$NJY6/2q$N=`Hw$r?J$a$?!#$o$+$j$d$9$$@bL@$KG3$($F$7$^$&%?%$%W$J$N$G!"%9%i%$%I$r:n$j;O$a$k(B $B$HB>$K5$(B $B$,2s$i$J$/$J$C$F$7$^$&!#(B

4/9 ($B?e(B) $B$N?JJb!!$O$d$C!*(B
$BD+$+$i7c?L$G$"$k!#%Y%,%k%?@gBf$,!"%"!<%N%k%I4FFD$r2rG$$7(B($B%Y(B $B%,%k%?8x<0%Z!<%8(B$B$h$j(B)$BEOn5(B $B?8%X%C%I%3!<%A$r8eG$$K?x$($?(B($BF1(B $B%Z!<%8(B$B$h$j(B)$B!#:#5((B 3 $BJ,(B 5 $BGT!"F@E@(B 3$B!"<:E@(B 18$B!#;n9g$r8+$F$$$F$b!">!$F$k5$$,$7$J$/$J$C$F$$$?!#(B1 $B>!$r>e$2$k$3$H$,$_$s$J$NL4$H$J$C$F$7$^$C$?>u67$G$O$d$`$J$7$+!#EOn5?74FFD$N$B@8J*3X2J;0G/@88~$1$N9V5A$r$7$?!#=P@J/$J$a$+!#:#G/EY$O(B 1 $B%3%^L\$K9T$&$H$$$&$3$H$b$"$k$,!#=P@J$7$F2<$5$k3'$5$s!"$?$/$5$se$2$FD:BW!#=<e$2(B $B$K$+$+$C$F$$$k$N$@!#(B

$B%$%?%]%s$r8r$(!"$+$($A$c$s$NB48&$NAjCL$r$7$?!#$$$m$$$m8!:w$7$F$_$FD:BW$M!#$D$$$G!"$_!<$A$c$s$H=$O@$NAjCL!#1~1g$7$F$$$k$>!*(B
$BK\F|$b!"M=HwE*$J%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s$K6P$7$s$G$$$k!#$b$&>/$7$d$C$F!"J70O5$$rDO$_$?$$!#(B
$B!!$=$N$+$?$o$i!":#7n$N(B 25 $BF|$K9T$&E}7W$NJY6/2q$N=`Hw$r$7$?!#@h$N@8BV3X2q$G9T$o$l$?E}7W$K4X$9$k=82q$NFbMF>R2p$H!"(BEcology $B$N(B 3 $B7n9f(B$B$K(B $B:\$C$F$$$k!V(BForum$B!=(BP Values and Model Selection$B!W$rNXFI$9$k$N$@!#;d$NC4Ev$O@8BV3X2q=82q$N>R2p$G$"$k!#H/I=$7$?J}$+$iH/I=%U%!%$%k$rGRR2p$7$h$&$H(B $B;W$C$F$$(B $B$k!#(B

4/8 ($B2P(B) $B$N?JJb!!L@F|$+$i9V5A(B
$BL@F|$+$i!"@8J*3X2J;0G/@88~$1$N9V5A$,;O$^$k!#:#F|$O$=$N=`Hw$r$7$?!#L@F|$O%$%s%H%m%@%/%7%g%s$J$N$G=`Hw$b3Z$G$"$C$?!#4hD%$k$h!#(B
$B:#7n$N(B 23 $BF|$K!"C^GHBg3XImB06p>l9b9;$G%]%9%?!H(B)$B$rBT$D4V$K!"=`Hw$r?J$a$F$7$^$&$3$H$K$7$?!#$=$&$7(B $B$?$i!"(B $B$1$C$3$&$A$c$C$A$c$H?J$s$G$7$^$C$?!#Mh=5$K$O!"@8EL$5$s$K=P$7$F$*$$$?2]Bj$,Aw$i$l$F$/$k!#;D$j$N=`Hw$O$=$l$r8+$F$+$i$+$J!#(B
$BHaJs!#%Y%,%k%?@gBf(B FW $BLxBt(B $BFXA*$B%Y(B $B%,%k%?8x<0%Z!<%8(B$B$h$j(B)$B!#@hF|$N1:OB@o$GIi=}$7$?!#:#5($O@hH/$G;H$o$l$k$3$H$,B?$+$C$?$@$1$K!"K\?M$OL5G0$G$"$m$&!#(B$B:#5(=i>!(B $BMx(B$B$rL\;X$7$F0l4]$H$J$C$F$$$?$@$1$K!"%/%i%V$K$H$C$F$bBgBG7b$G$"$k!#(B

Mathematica $B$N%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s$O@5$7$$$3$H$K$7$?!#$3$l$G9T$3$&!#$b$&>/!9M=HwE*7W;;$r$7$F$+$i!"K\3JE*$J7W;;$KF~$k$3$H$K$9$k!#$=$&$7$?$i$-$C$H!"D94|7W(B $B;;CO9v$K(B $B4Y$k$3$H$K$J$k$G$"$m$&!#(B

4/7 ($B7n(B) $B$N?JJb!!3X@8
$B?7G/EY$N9V5A]$K!"$B%+(B $B%?%/%j$,(B$B$"$k$N$@$m$&!#:n6H$r=*$($?$i!"=g
$B1Q8l$NJY6/$r7s$M$F!"!V9"$+$iH(B)$B!#(B

make one's mouth water$B!JBC1U$,=P$k!K!!%W%m%0%l%C%7%VOB1Q<-E5(B

$B$^!"L5Fq$JI=8=$+!#$7$+$7!"!V9"$+$i46$,$^$C$?$/$J$$!#(B

give my right arm$B!J1&
$B$*$$$*$$J*A{$@$M$(!#$7$+$7!"F|K\8l$r3X$V309q?M$H$F!"!V9"$+$i
Mathematica $B$N%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s$rB3$1$?!#$$$A$*$&!"4|BT$7$?7k2L$,=P$k>r7o$r8+$D$1$k$3$H$,$G$-$?!#$7$+$7!"$=$N>r7o$,0UL#$N$"$k$b$N$J$N$+G:$s$G$$$k!#(B

4/6 ($BF|(B) $B$N?JJb!!$3$l$O$$$1$^$;$s(B
$B%Y%,%k%?@gBf(B 0-4 $B1:OB%l%C%:!#;4GT$@$C$?!#(B

$B;n9g$OLk$+$i!#Ck$O!"$A$g$C$/$iDm;E;v$r$7$?!#$^$:$O!":#5(=i$Nu67$G$"$k!#:#G/$O!"G;$$ItJ,$NHfN($,9b$/!"$=$N?-$S$bNI$$!#$3$ND4;R$G!"8^7n$Ke:No$J;Q$r8+$;$F$*$/$l!#$=$N8e!";(Ap(B $B$B;n9g$,;O$^$C$?!#E(CO$J$N$G(B NHK BS $B$G1~1g$7$?!#%"!<%N%k%I4FFD$,2hLL$K1G$k$H!"!V9"$+$i!$AE@(B 3 $B$,M_$7$$!W$H$$$&@bL@J8$,=P$k!#(B$B!V9"$+$i$B$H$$$-$J$jG:$`;d$G$"$C$?!#;n9g$NJ}$O!"8=:_$N!MxL5$7!#(B
$B!!$J!<$s$+!"%,%s%PBg:e$N%m%Z%9854FFD$r;W$$=P$7$F$7$^$C$?!#%,%s%PBg:e$rfIW$+!"%"!<%N%k(B $B%I4FFD!)(B $BAa$/$b!"(B$B9_3J(B$B$NJ70O5$$,I:$C$F$-$F$$$k$N$@$1$l$I!#(B

4/5 ($BEZ(B) $B$N?JJb!!46N^Fs$D(B
$BAG@2$i$7$$0lF|$G$"$C$?!#:#G/EY>eH>4|0lHV$NF|$G$"$C$?$+$b!#(B
$B!!$^$:$O%j%H%k$J$G$7$3!#5^n1@8Cf7Q$N%F%l%S$G!"(BU17 $B=w;R%o!<%k%I%+%C%W$N7h>!$r1~1g$7$?!#Aj!$C$F$$$k$&$(!"3+;OAa!9$K@h@)E@$r>e$2$?!#$*$+$2$G$9$C$+$j5$;}$A$,3Z$K$J$C$?!#$=$N8e$J$+$J$+DI2CE@$rC%$($:?4G[$K$J$C$?$1$l$I!"ESCf=P>l(B $B$N(B FW $B;yLn$,7h$a$F$/$l$?!#!VM=B,ITG=!W$NE@$B%j%H%k$J$G$7$3$N%4%s(B
$B$H8F(B $B$V$3(B $B$H$K$7$?!#$=$N8e%9%Z%$%s$NB-$,;_$^$j!"F|K\$N>!Mx$,$[$\3NDj$7$?!#$=$7$F4?4n$NE+!#>.$5$J>P4i$,2hLLCf$K:i$$$?!#I=>4<0$,;O$^$k$H$$$&$=$N;~$K(B $BCf7Q$,=*$o$C$F$7$^$C$?$3$H$K$O$+$J$jJ034$7$?$,!"5^n1@8Cf7Q$H$$$&$O$+$i$$$rNI$7$H$9$Y$-$+!#(B
$B!!$D$$$G%Y%,%k%?@gBf%l%G%#!<%9!#:#F|$O!"%f%"%F%C%/%9%?%8%"%`@gBf$K(B INAC $B?@8M%l%*%M%C%5$r7^$(7b$D!#%j!<%0;0O"GFCf$N=w2&$G$"$k!#$7$+$7!";n9g$r;YG[$7$?$N$O@gBf$G$"$C$?!#8eH>$K$O!"2?EY$b2?EY$b7hDj5!$r:n$C$?!#(B$B$=(B $B$NEY$K30$9(B$BA*(B 43 $BJ,!"(BFW $B0f>e(B $B0=9aA*.Ln(B $BF7A*$BF|(B $B4)%9%]!<%D(B$B$h$j(B)$B$HBG$C$?%7%e!<%H$,!"?@8M$N%4!<%k$r$D$$$KMI$i$7$?!#;n9g=*N;$NE+$K!"%T%C%A>e$NA*P(B)$B!#5nG/(B 4 $B@oA4GT$7$?=w2&$rGK$C$?$N$@$+$i$M!#2y$7$$;W$$$rJz$($?$^$^0zB`$7$?!"2<>.Da(B $B0=%3!<%A!&E7Ln(B $BH~:i $B!!$b$&0l$D4r$7$+$C$?$3$H$,$"$k!#(BMF $B2E?t(B $BHtD;A*l$7$?$N$@!#:r5(ESCf$KpWBS$rCGNv$7!"D9$$D9$$%j%O%S%j$r$7$F$$$?HtD;$G$"$k!#$=$NHtD;$,%T%C%A$KN)$C$?!*(B $BK\Ev$K!"NI$+$C$?$H;W$C$?!#(B

$B5"Bp8e!"9k2Z
$Bd#LZ$N2jOB$(!#(B

$B7j;R$H2X;R$N?f$-9g$o$;!#(B

$BrV$NM)0C>F$-!#HwD9C:$GC:2P>F$-$7$?!#$b!":G9b$G$"$C$?!#(B

4/4 ($B6b(B) $B$N?JJb!!L@F|$O?@8M@o!"L@8eF|$O1:OB@o(B
$B%Y%,%k%?@gBf%l%G%#!<%9$OL@F|!"%f%"%F%C%/%9%?%8%"%`@gBf$K(B INAC $B?@8M%l%*%M%C%5$r7^$(7b$D(B(13 $B;~;n9g3+;O(B)$B!#L5E($N=w2&$H62$l$i$l$??@8M$G$"$k$,!"!5!$,$"$k$G$"$m$&!#@iMU4FFD$O!"(BDF $B9b66(B $BF`!9A*$B%9(B $B%]!<%DJsCN(B$B$h$j(B)$B!#$=$l$ONI$$:n@o$@!#2?$7$mF`!9$O!"!V$3$lO@!WG'Dj!V(B3 m $B0JFb$K6a$E$-$?$/$J$$=w$N;R(B No. 1$B!W$G$"$k(B(2013.3.24 $B$N?JJb(B$B;2>H(B)$B!#$"$NM&5$0n$l$k!Mx$H$$$3$&!*(B
$B!!$+$?$dCK;R$OL@8eF|!"E(CO$G1:OB%l%C%:$HF.$&(B(19 $B;~;n9g3+;O(B)$B!#:#5(L$$@L$>!Mx$H$$$&$N$K!"E(CO$G6/E($HBP@o$+(B $B!D!D!D!#$b!"M}6~$O$$$$$+$i!"=i>!Mx$r>e$2$F$/$l!#(B

$B%G%i%C%/%9O@J8$,(B Plant Ecology $B$+$iLa$C$F$-$?!#A02s$KB3$-$^$?$7$F$b!"MWBg2~D{$NH=Dj$@$C$?!#A02s$N%l%U%j!<$,Fs?M$H$b:F%l%U%j!$B:#F|$OJL$N6H4.2 $B$N?JJb(B$B;2>H(B)$B!#$F$-$Q$-(B $B$H%9%^!<%H$K8+@Q$b$j$r?J$a$F$/$l$?!#?.Mj$G$-$=$&$G$"$k!#$"$H$O2A3J$B%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s$r2~NI$7$Fe$B$?$?$j(B$B$@(B $B$H;W$($F$-$?!#(B<--- $B?4Ev$?$j$,$"$k(B

4/3 ($BLZ(B) $B$N?JJb!!?7G/EYCLOC2q(B
$B:#G/EY:G=i$N7n=i$aCLOC2q$,$"$C$?!#?7B48&@8$N$+$($A$c$s$b!"4uK>$KK~$A$?H/I=$r$7$F$/$l$?!#$J$s$+$d$O$jIb$-Ib$-$9$k!#$5$"!"?7$7$$G/EY!"4h(B $BD%$C$F$$$3$&!*(B
$BMh=5$+$i3X@8uBV$+!#Mh=5$N7nMKF|$K
$B%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s$N2>Dj$N2~3W0F$r$$$A$*$&9M$($?!#$3$&$9$l$P$&$^$/9T$/$N$G$O$J$$$+!#4|BT$rJz$-$D$D!"%W%m%0%i%`$N=q$-$+$($r;O$a$?!#(B $B$[$s$H!"$&$^$/9T$/$h$&$K!*(B  $B@5D>!"$5$C$5$H:Q$^$;$F
4/2 ($B?e(B) $B$N?JJb!!:#Lk$O(B FC $BEl5~@o(B
$B%Y%,%k%?@gBf$O:#Lk!"%d%^%6%-%J%S%9%3%+%C%W$NM=A*%j!<%0BhFs@o$r@o$&!#%f%"%F%C%/%9%?%8%"%`@gBf$K(B FC $BEl5~$r7^$(7b$D$N$@(B(19 $B;~;n9g3+;O(B)$B!#M=A*FMGK$N$?$a$K$OI,$:$d(B $B!D!D!D(B $B$J$I$HDL>o$J$i$P9M$($k$H$3$m$G$"$k!#$7$+$7:#$N@gBf$K$H$C$F!"$=$s$J$3$H$O$5$7$?$kLdBj$G$O$J$$$H8@$C$F$h$$!#2?$h$j$bBg@Z$J$N$O!"(B$B:#5((B $B=i>!Mx(B$B$G$"$k!#%j!<%0@o$r4^$a!"(B2 $BJ,(B 4 $BGT$GL$$@>!MxL5$7!*(B

$B%$%?%]%s$r8r$(!"$+$($A$c$s$HB48&$N%F!<%^$N$*OC$r$7$?!#$^$::G=i$O!";W$$$D$/$3$H$r$I$s$I$sOC$7$F$$$C$?!#LQA[$hKD$i$a$H$$$&46$8!#K\(B $B$H$+$r8+$F$_$J$,$i!"<+J,$G$bLQA[$7$F$$$C$F$M!#(B
$B$U$5$HO@J8$N:F2r@O$K$D$$$F!"$_$C$A!<$KAjCL$7$?!#NI$$0F$r=P$7$F$/$l$?!#$"$j$,$H$&!#$5$C$=$/!"(B$B%$%?%]%s$K$d$C$FLc$&(B$B$3(B $B$H$K$7$?!#$3$A$i$b$"$j$,$H$&!#M-G=$JFs?M$N$*$+$2$G(B$B;d$O2?$b$7$J$/$F$b(B$B=u$+$k!#(B
$B;d$N5o<<$NH>J,$r!"$"$^$j$*6b$r$+$1$?$/$J$$!#$I$l$/$i$$$+$+$j$=$&$+C5$j$rF~$l$k$b$N$N!"$O$C$-$j$7$?$3$H$r8@$o$J$$!#$=$7$F!"!VHb$rLZ@=$K$7$?$i(B 10 $BK|1_0B$/$J$j$^$9!W$H8@$&$N$G$"$C$?!#Hb$NJQ990l$D$G(B 10 $BK|1_$,F0$/!)(B $B$=$s$J$BK\$K$h$kKI2;8z2L(B$B$,4|BT$G$-$k$N$G$O$J$$$+$J$I(B $B$H;W:w$7$?!#(B

$B%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s$N2~NI0F$K$D$$$F9M$($3$s$@!#$3$N%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s$r$9$k$K;j$C$?!"?t!9$N(B$B%j%8%'%/%H%3%a%s%H(B$BM-(B $B1W$J=u8@$,5-21$KAI$C$F$-$?!#$=$&$@!"$=$&$G$"$C$?$H$$$&46$8$@!#$*$+$2$G!"2~NI$N%]%$%s%H$b$o$+$C$F$-$?!#$I$NE@$r2~NI$9$Y$-$J$N$+$O$o$+$C$?(B $B$,!"$I$&2~NI$9$Y$-$J$N$+$,$o$+$i$J$$$N$,FqE@$G$"$k!#(B
4/1 ($B2P(B) $B$N?JJb!!?7G/EY(B
$B?7G/EY$K$J$C$F$7$^$C$?!#!V$"!<$"!W$G$"$k!#(B
$B!!G/EY$,L@$1$?$i!"=EBg$J;E;v$K49$K$b$&JRJ}$K$H$$$&$N$,6lCO$,$J$/$J$C$F$$$k$N$G$"$C$?!#(B

$B?7B46H8&5f@8$N$+$($A$c$s$,EP>l$7$?!#6&$K4hD%$C$F!"3Z$7$/$F=<
$B$&!<$`!"(BMathematica $B$N%W%m%0%i%`$NLdBj$G$O$J$$$3$H$K5$$E$$$F$7$^$C$?!#$3$N%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s$G$O!"$=$b$=$b4|BT$9$k7k2L$,=P$J$$!#2>Dj$rJQ$($J$$$H$$$1$J$$!#:,8;(B $BE*$JLdBj(B $B$rFM$-$D$1$i$lh+MNCf$G$"$k!#$3$l$@$+$i0_$,$*$+$7$/$J$k$s$@!#(B