$B!V$3$l$+$iO@J8$r=q$/ $B=PHG8e$N?J9T>u67(B

$B
$B?J9T>u67%[!<%`(B


9/30 ($B?e(B) $B$N?JJb!!8&5f<<$O@o>l$@(B
$BK\F|5^$K?4$rF~$l$+$(!"JB!9$J$i$L7h0U$G8&5f<<$KMh$?!#8&5f$OF.$$$@!#>!$?$J$/$F$O$J$i$J$$!#Ii$1$?$i>C$($F$$$/$@$1$G$"$k!#8&5f<<$O@o>l$J(B $B$j!#!$BF$$A;`$K(B$B!#=q$-$+$1(B $B$N2J8&Hq$N=qN`$@$1$,Iw$KIq$&9g@o$N8e$H$J$C$?!#1eG0$NMn$AIpe9M$($k$N$,I]$$$o!#(B
$B$A$m$A$c$s$NO@J8$,1QJ89;1\$+$iJV$C$F$-$?!#%(%@%s%:$K=P$7$?$N$@!#9;1\FbMF$r3NG'$7$F$$$k$1$l$I!"3N$+$K$3$3$ONI$$$+$b$7$l$J$$!#>/$J(B $B$/$H$b!"K?2&9/29 ($B2P(B) $B$N?JJb!!5HLn2H$ND)@o(B
$B5mP'$N5HLn2H$,!"5mP'$,7lE|CM$KM?$($k1F6A$N8&5f$r$7$F$$$k$=$&$G$"$k(B($B%d(B $B%U!<%K%e!<%9(B$B$h$j(B)$B!#?HBN$K0-$$$H$$$&%$%a!<%8$rJ'?!$7$?$$$=$&$@!#!V8=:_!"!V#3%+7n4V!"5mP'$rKhF|#1?)?)$Y$k$HBND4$O$I$&JQ2=$9$k(B $B$+!W$J$I$K$D$$$F!"J#?t$NBg3X$d8&5f5!4X$H8&5f$r7W2hCf$G$9!#G/Fb$K$bJs9p=q$K$^$H$a$kJ}?K$G$9!#!W$H$N$3$H$G$"$k!#5m%?%sDj?)8&5f2H$N;d$H$7$F(B $B$O4?7^$9$k!#$?$@$7!":#G/$b$"$H(B3$B%v7n$A$g$C$H$H$$$&;~E@$G!"(B3$B%v7n4V?)$YB3$1$k$H!V7W2hCf!W$N$BG/Fb$K$bJs9p$9$k(B$B$H$$(B $B$&;Q@*$,$A$g$C$H4m$J$$!#(B$B7W2hCf$G$O$J$/$F$9$G$K
$BD+0lHV$G!"$+$($A$c$s$ND4::$KIU$$$F$$$C$?!#$9$C$+$j=)6u$G$"$k!#$9$,$9$,$7$/$F5$;}$ANI$$!#2F$N@9$j$HHf$Y$k$H!"F1$8>l=j$G$ND4::$H$O(B $B;W$($J$$!#(B
$B:#F|$b!"2J8&Hq$N!"6lpJs$r=8$a$h$&!#J88%$rbK$_$J$,$i9M$($r?J$a$F$$$C$?!#(B
9/28 ($B7n(B) $B$N?JJb!!0[>o$J$7(B
$B1&B-$,$"$^$j$KDK$$$N$G7A@.302J$K9T$C$?!#BT$?$5$l$k$3$H(B1$B;~4VH>!#$=$N4V$8$C$H!";(;o$rFI$`$J$j$7$F:B$C$F$$$?!#0B@E$K$7$F$$$?$;$$$+!"B-$ND4(B $B;R$,0-$+$C$?!"$8$c$J$/$F!"B-$NDK$_$ND4;R$,0-$+$C$?!#$"$^$jDK$/$J$$!#N)$C$?$jJb$$$?$j$7$F$$$?$i!"A06~$_$K$J$k$N$b?I$$$[$IDK$/$J$k$N$K!#$H(B $B$$$&$o$1$G!"!V$$$D$b$O$b$C$HDK$$$s$G$9$h!W$H$$$&;Q@*$G?G;!$KD)$s$@!#6D8~$1$K?2$k$h$&$K;X<($5$l!"0e;U$,!";d$N1&B-$r;}$A>e$2$F6J$2$?!#$3$s(B $B$J3f9%$r<+J,$G$9$k$3$H$O$J$$!#$@$+$i!"!VDK$$$G$9$+(B?$B!W$K!"!V(B$B:rF|$ODK$+$C$?$G$9(B$B!W$H$$$&JVEz$OJQ$G$"$k!#$G$b!":8B-$r6J$2$?>l(B $B9g$h$j$b3N$+$KDK$+$C$?$N$G!"!V$d$C$?!*!W$H;W$C$?!#7k6I!"%l%s%H%2%s$r;#$k$b9|$K0[>o$J$7!#860xITL@$H$$$&$3$H$G!"DK$_;_$a$r=hJ}$5$l$?$N$G(B $B$"$C$?!#(B
$B!!5"Bp8e!"N)$C$?$^$^NAM}$r$7$F$$$?$iDK$/$J$C$F$-$?!#$b$&!"K\HV$K
$B2J8&Hq$N=qN`$r=q$-?J$a$?!#$=$l$J$j$N7A$K$J$C$?ItJ,$O?2$+$;$F!"?7$?$JItJ,$KD)$s$@!#$G$b$"$^$j?J$^$:!#(B
9/27 ($BF|(B) $B$N?JJb!!$J$<$+40GT(B
$B%Y%,%k%?@gBf%l%G%#!<%9(B0-3$B%8%'%U%f%J%$%F%C%I;T86!&@iMU%l%G%#!<%9!#=*$o$C$F$_$k$H$J$<$+40GT$G$"$C$?!#(B
$B!!AjJQ$o$i$:B-$ODK$$!#$7$+$7%l%G%#!<%9$N;n9g$K$O;2@o$9$k$H$$$&CK=w:9JL$G$"$C$?!#$H$$$&$o$1$G!"$R$H$a$\$l%9%?%8%"%`5\>k$K9T$C$?!#!V$R$H$a(B $B$\$l!W$,JF$NIJ>N$N6%5;>l$@$J!#;n9g$,;O$^$C$?!#N)$A>e$,$j$+$i@gBf$,;n9g$r;YG[$7$?!#$7$+$7:G8e$N=j$rFMGK$G$-$J(B $B$$!#$=$&$3$&$7$F$$$kA0H>(B40$BJ,!"$3$A$i$N%_%9$+$i!V$"$l$C!)!W$H$$$&<:E@$r$7$F$7$^$C$?!#8eH>3+;OAa!9$K$b%3!<%J!<%-%C%/$+$i<:E@!#$3$l$,DK(B $B$+$C$?!#>G$j$+$i$+!"8eH>$O@iMU$K;YG[$5$l$k$h$&$K$J$C$F$7$^$C$?!#A0$,$+$j$K$J$C$?$H$3$m$r96$a9~$^$l$F(B3$B<:E@L\!#(B0-3$B$H40GT$7$F$7$^$C$?!#(B $B$&!<$`!#(B
$B!!<}3O$b$"$C$?!#$J$G$7$3%j!<%0=i=P>l=i@hH/$N!"(BDF$B@iMU(B $B>?7CA*?7C$O!"A0@a$N;n9g$^$G!"%a%s%P!<$KF~$k$3$H$b$J$+$C(B $B$?!#%[!<(B $B%`$N;n9g$G$O$b$C$Q$iGdE9$N$*l!#@iMU4FFD$NI>2A$b9b$+$C$?$h(B $B$&$J$N$G!"$3$ND4;R$G4hD%$C$FD:BW!*(B
$B$J$G$7$3%j!<%0%l%.%e%i!<%7%j!<%:$O!"F|%F%l%Y%l!<%6$,5UE>M%>!$r?k$2$?!#2f$,%/%i%V$O(B3$B0L$H7rF.$7$?!#$3$l$+$i!"%(%-%5%$%F%#%s%0%7(B $B%j!<%:$H$$$&K`kEIT;W5D$J$b$N$,;O$^$k!#%l%.%e%i!<%7%j!<%:$N>e0L(B6$B%A!<%`$,:FEY%j!<%0@o$r9T$$!"G/4V$N=w2&$r7h$a$k$i$7$$!#$3$N:]!"%l%.%e%i!<(B $B%7%j!<%:$G$h$j>e0L$@$C$?%A!<%`$N>!$AE@$rGmC%$7!"(B6$B%A!<%`$N>!$AE@:9$r6/0z$K=L$a$F%j!<%0@o$r9T$&!#$?$H$($PF|%F%l$+$i8+$k$H!"!V$J$s$G!">!$A(B $BE@:9$r=L$a$i$l$F%j!<%0$r$d$jD>$5$J$/$F$O$$$+$J$$$N$@!)!W$@$m$&!#@gBf$+$i$_$k$H!"F|%F%l$H$N>!$AE@:9$,(B7$B$+$i(B2$B$K=L$^$j$7$a$7$a$G$"$k!#$7$+(B $B$7$3$NIT2D;W5D$5$N$?$a!"%(%-%5%$%F%#%s%0%7%j!<%:$NM%>!%A!<%`$h$j$b%l%.%e%i!<%7%j!<%:$NM%>!%A!<%`$r>e$H@$4V$O$_$J$7$F$$$k!#9/26 ($BEZ(B) $B$N?JJb!!0z$-J,$1(B
$B%Y%,%k%?@gBf(B 1-1 $B%b%s%F%G%#%*;37A!#%@!<%S!<$O0z$-J,$1$K=*$o$C$?!#(B
$B!!e!"1&B-$NDK$_$b9s$/!"1s=P$9$k5$$K$b$J$l$J$+$C$?!#$H$$$&$o$1(B $B$G!"8aA0Cf$O%Q%=%3%s$K8~$+$C$F$$$?!#(B
$B!!Ck?)8e!"%F%l%S$G1~1g$7$?!#A0H>$N@gBf$O$h$+$C$?$H;W$&!#$7$+$7!"$A$g$C$HIT1?$J<:E@$r$7$F$7$^$C$?!#$=$N8e$O;37A$NJ}$,$d$dM%@*$H$J$C$?!#$7(B $B$+$7Ii$1$k$o$1$K$O$$$+$J$$!#$=$7$F%O%b%s%m%Z%9$,e:No$K7h$a$F$/$l$?!#7k6I$=$N$^$^0z$-J,$1!#@gBf$K$H$C$F$O0-$/$O$J$$>!$AE@(B1$B!";37A$K$H$C$F(B $B$OHs>o$K0-$$(B1$B$G$"$C$?!#(B

$B;n9g=*N;8e!"9/25 ($B6b(B) $B$N?JJb!!L@F|$O;37A@o!"L@8eF|$O;T86!&@iMU@o(B
$B%Y%,%k%?@gBf$OL@F|!"%b%s%F%G%#%*;37A$HE(CO$GF.$&(B(14$B;~;n9g3+;O(B)$B!#0lItCO0h$r=|$-8@$o$J$$$H$o$+$i$J$$$_$A$N$/%@!<%S!<$G$"$k!#E(CO$@$m$&(B $B$H$J$s$@$m$&$H!"%@!<%S!<$K$O@dBP$K>!$?$J$$$H$$$1$J$$!#;DN1$rAh$C$F$$$k$3$H$b$"$j!"AT@d$JF.$$$H$J$m$&!#I,>!$"$k$N$_!#(B
$B!!%l%G%#!<%9$OL@8eF|!"%8%'%U%f%J%$%F%C%I;T86!&@iMU%l%G%#!<%9$r$R$H$a$\$l%9%?%8%"%`5\>k$K7^$(7b$D(B(13$B;~;n9g3+;O(B)$B!#%l%.%e%i!<%7%j!<%:$N(B $B:G=*@o$G$"$k!#$-$C$A$j$H>!$C$F!">e0L%j!<%0$K5$;}$ANI$/?J$b$&!#(B

$B>/!9>H$l$D$D9pGr$9$k!#L1J|$N%I%i%^$r8+$k$3$H$O$a$C$?$K$J$$;d$G$"$k$,!":G6a$D$$$D$$$O$^$C$F$7$^$C$F$$$k%I%i%^$,$"$k!#$O(B $B$$!"!$BI=;2F;9b9;9g>'It!*(B$B!W(B $B$J$j!#>.Fq$7$/$J$$9g>'$rD0$/$N$O9%$-$J$N$G!"$H$j$"$($:8+$F$_$?$N$,;O$^$j$@!#'$G$h$+$C$?!#F1Ey$K5$$KF~$C$?$N$O!"!VI=;2F;!W(B $B$H$$$&$*^/Mn$JCOL>$,!"(B$B!VI=;2F;9b9;!W$H$J$k$H$J$s$+%@%5$/$J$kE@(B$B$G$"$k!#(B$B$=$&46$8$k$N$O;d$@$1$+$bCN$l$J$$$,!#(B$B$3(B $B$N%.%c%C%W$O2?8N$J$N$+!)(B $B$=$l$rDI5a$9$k$bL$$@Ez$($,=P$J$$!#$=$l$H!"
$BD+$+$i2J8&Hq$N=qN`=q$-$K6P$7$s$@!#:#F|$O2wD4$J$j!#$0$$$0$$$H?J$s$@!#(B
$B!!:NBr$5$l$k%3%D$rCN$j$?$$!#;d$?$A$NJ,Ln$N>l9g!"(B$B!V%@!<%&%#%s0JMh:#F|$^$G!W$H=q$/$H:NBr$5$l$d$9$$(B$B$H$$$&1=$,$"$k$,K\Ev$+!)(B
9/24 ($BLZ(B) $B$N?JJb!!4m$&$/(B
$B:rLk!"(BAmerican Naturalist $B$KEj9FCf$NO@J8$,JV$C$F$-$?!#!V$1$C!W$@$C$?!#$H$C$H$HB>$N;(;o$KEj9F$7$F$d$m$&!#$=$&;W$$$D$D!":#F|$NCk$K$7$?!#$H!"!V40`z$K2~D{(B $B=PMh$?$i(B $B:FEj9F$7$F$h$$$h!W$H=q$$$F$"$k$G$O$J$$$+!#$J$s$@!"0lC6%j%8%'%/%H$G$"$C$?!#;d<+?H!V$3$lO@!W$K!"(B

$B0lJ}!"%j%8%'%/%H8@MU$,$"$C$?$H$7$F$b!"Ha4Q$KJk$l$k$N$O$^$@Aa$$!#0lC6%j%8%'%/%H$+$b$7$l$J$$!#
$B$H=q$$$F$$$k$G$O$J$$$+(B(p. 201)$B!#$=$l$K$7$F$b!"%(%G%#%?!<$N$BKAF,$GL@3N$K7kO@$r=R$Y$k;R(B$B$O$+$($C$FI]$$$+$b!#(B
$BD+0l$G$+$($A$c$s$ND4::$KIU$$$F$$$C$?!#$9$C$+$j=)$J$j!#(B
$B5"<<8e!"2J8&Hq$N=qN`=q$-$r;O$a$?!#(B8$B7n$+$i$&$s$&$s$H9M$($F$$$?$1$l$I!"$b$&G:$`$N$O;_$a$?!#;W$$@Z$C$F=q$-=P$9!#Bg@Z$J$N$O;W$$@Z$j(B $B$NNI$5$G$"$k!#(B
9/23 ($B?e(B) $B$N?JJb!!EDCf(B
NHK$B$G!"!V?ML>%P%i%(%F%#!<=8$^$lEDCf!*!W$H$$$&HVAH$r$d$C$F$$$?!#MW$O!"EDCf$P$+$j$r=8$a$?HVAH$G$"$C$?!#$D$$$D$$8+$?$1$l$I!"%$%s%Q%/%H$K(B $B:#$R$H$D7g$1$?!#%$%s%Q%/%H$H$$$&E@$G$O$d$O$j!"(B$BEDCf$HCfED$@$1(B $B$G:n$kF|K\BeI=(B$B$@$m$&!#(B$B!VEDCf!&EDCf!&EDCf!&EDCf!&EDCf!&CfED!&EDCf!&Cf(B $BED!&CfED!&EDCf!&EDCf!W$HJB$V%a%s%P!<(B$B$OAT(B $B@d$G$"$k!#BP@oAj
$BAjJQ$o$i$:!"1&B@$b$b$NIU$1:,$+$i9x$N$"$?$j$,DK$$!#A06~$_$K$J$k$3$H$,$G$-$J$$!#NAM}Cf$K!"2<$NJ}$N0z$-=P$7$K$"$kJ*$r $B!!$=$s$J>u672<$G$b!"$7$C$]$j$HNAM}$O$7$?!#O!:,q=F,$KBg:,$HL}MH$2$N$?$$$?$s$K!#$G$b$3$l$i$OK\F|$O?)$5$:!#$J$<$+L@F|$K2s$7$?!#M$N1v>F$-$r$7$?!#:#Lk$O!"0>$N6z$rBG$DLL$r4V0c$($J$+$C$?(B($B:rF|$N?JJb;2>H(B)$B!#$=$l$K$7$F$b!"<+J,$N$r>F$$$F$_$?$$$b$N$@!#(B

9/22 ($B2P(B) $B$N?JJb!!(B3$B0L0JFb$,3NDj(B
$B%Y%,%k%?@gBf%l%G%#!<%9(B5-2$B2,;3Er6?%Y%k!#$J$<$+Eg:,$G9T$o$l$?;n9g$KBg>!$A$7$?!#pWBSCGNv$+$iI|5"$7$?(BFW$B0BK\(B $B$N:#5(=iF@E@$r>e$2$?!#$3$l$K$F(B3$B0L0JFb$,3NDj$G$"$k!#M%>!$N2DG=@-$bL5$/$J$C$F$$$k$N$@$1$l$I!"$=$A$i$O5$$K$7$J$$$h$&$K$7(B $B$h$&!#(B

$BHwD9C:$G0>$N1v>F$-$r$7$?!#6z$rLL$r4V0c$($F$7$^$$!"1&B&$KF,$,Mh$k>F$-J}$K$J$C$F$7$^$C$?!#>F$-;O$a$F$9$0$K5$$E$$$?$1$l$I$9$G$KCY(B $B$7!#5{$O!"J"B&$r9/21 ($B7n(B) $B$N?JJb!!=)$N91Nc9T;v(B
$B$A$g$C$H;~4|$,Aa$$$1$l$I!"=)$N91Nc9T;v$K=P$+$1$?!#E%Er29@t!&7*6p9b86%U!<%:!&?\@n29@t$r=d$kN9$G$"$k!#$7$+$7=k$=$&$@$C$?$N$G!"$"$s$O$*N1 $B!!$^$:$OE%Er$K8~$+$C$?!#ESCf!"BkAc29@t$rDL$C$?!#(B11-14$B;~$7$+30MhF~Ma$r$5$;$LHkEr$G$"$k!#29@t$,NI$$$+$iHkEr$J$N$+!"(B11-14$B;~$7$+F~(B $BMa$G$-$J$$$N$GHkEr$J$N$+!"0JA0$+$i3N$+$a$h$&$H;W$C$F$$$?!#$7$+$7!"!VK\F|30MhF~MaIT2D!W$ND%$j;f$,!#$&!<$`!";d$NCf$G$O$I$s$I$s!"0c$&0UL#$G(B $BHkEr$K$J$C$F$$$/!#(B
$B!!$A$g$C$HJ0A3$H$7$D$DE%Er$K$D$$$?!#$3$3$NEr$O5$;}$A$,$h$$!#$7$+$7!"O*E7IwO$$NL\$NA0$N9);v$r$5$C$5$H=*$o$i$;$FM_$7$$!#$;$C$+$/$ND/$a$,!#(B
$B!!Ck?)8e!"7*6p9b86%U!<%:$K8~$+$C$?!#$3$3$N%=%U%H%/%j!<%`$O$H$F$bH~L#$J$j!#;}$A5"$j$h$&$K%h!<%0%k%H$bGc$C$?!#$7$+$75"Bp8e$K?)$7$F$_$k$H!"(B $BIaDL$N$b$N$G$O$J$/0{$`%h!<%0%k%H$@$C$?!#!V0{$`!W$J$s$F$I$3$K$b=q$$$F$$$J$$$N$K! $B!!$$$h$$$h!"%/%i%$%^%C%/%9$N?\@n29@t$X!#7*6p;3$O>eIt$,9HMU$7$F$$$?!#$H$F$be:No$@$C$?!#:#EYEP$C$F$_$k$+(B($B$7$+$7B-$N6q9g$,AjJQ$o$i$:(B)$B!#?\(B $B@n29@t$O:#F|$O0[MM$KG.$+$C$?!#?;$+$k$H$T$j$T$j$HMh$k!#$$$D$b$O$3$s$J$3$H$J$$$N$K!#$G$b$d$O$j!"9-!9$H$7$F$$$F5$;}$A$NNI$$29@t$@!#D/$a$b:G(B $B9b$J$j!#(B
$B!!$H$$$&$o$1$G91Nc9T;v40N;!#$G$b:#EY$O!"E%Er$G$O$J$/B>$N29@t$K4s$C$F$_$h$&$+$J!#HkEr$O$$$m$$$m$H$"$j$=$&$@!#(B

9/20 ($BF|(B) $B$N?JJb!!B-$,DK$$(B
$B1?E>Hh$l$J$N$+$=$l$H$O4X78$J$$$N$+!#1&B-$NIU$1:,$,DK$$!#6J$2$i$l$J$$46$8$@!#>26a$/$K$"$kJ*$r$H$m$&$H$9$k$H!"DK$_$G9x$r@^$k$3$H$,=PMh$:Bg(B $BJQ$G$"$k!#@hF|$O1&$B$=$s$JCf!"$NItJ,$O!"@.D9E@(B $B$,$+$J$j9b$/$J$C$F$7$^$C$F$$$F!"Dc$/4"$j9~$`$3$H$,=PMh$J$$!#2?$H$+$7$F@.D9E@$rDc$/$7$?$$$N$@$,!#$I$&$7$?$i$$$$$N$d$i!#(B
$BF#:j%U!<%I%^!<%1%C%H$KGc$$J*$K9T$C$?!#9q;:$N>>B{(B(1,5000$B1_$/$i$$(B)$B$H%+%J%@;:$N>>B{(B(2000$B1_$/$i$$(B)$B$,$"$C$?!#:#5(=i>>B{(B $B$KD)$b$&$H!"m4m0$J$/%+%4$KF~$l$?!#$H!"NY$K$$$?Gc$$J*5R$,!"9q;:$N>>B{$r>B{$rGc$&$+$I$&$+7hCG$9$k(B$B$N$r8+FO$1$k(B$B0U(B $BL#$,$"$k$N$+$H;W$$!"$=$N(B $B>l$rN%$l$?!#(B
$B!!5"Bp8e$O9k2Z$KNAM}$r$7$?!#ON$G$"$V$C$?3o$NC!$-$K!"C:2P$G>F$$$?(B$B%+%J%@(B$B9q;:>>B{$K!"O!:,q=F,$K!"=P$7$G
9/19 ($BEZ(B) $B$N?JJb!!CO5e2=3X
$B:#F|$OH,2&;R$K9T$C$F!"CO5e2=3Xh$;!"D+(B6$B;~$K=PH/!#9bB.$G=gD4$K!"ElKLF;$N5W4n(B $B$^$G9T$C$?!#$3$3$+$i2h$k$N$G$"$k$,!D!D!D!#$3$l$,Fq2r$@$C$?!#7w1{F;$N4GHD$r8+$D$1$?$N$G8~$+$C$F$_$k$H!"Gr2,>T3w(B $B$H$$$&%$%s%?!<$KCe$$$?!#$=$3$+$i>h$C$?$i(B$BElKLF;$KLa$C$F$7$^$C$?(B$B$G$O$J$$$+!#ElKLF;$H7w1{F;$r7R$2$h$&$H$7$F$$$F!"ElKLF;B&$+$i(B 1$B%$%s%?!T3w(B)$B$@$140@.$7$F$$$k$N$@$H!#$^$.$i$o$7$$!#$=$s$J$3$s$J$N6lF.$G!"H,2&;R$^$G(B7$B;~4V$b$+$+$C$F$7$^$C$?!#(B
$B!!9V1i$O2wD4$G$"$C$?!#$_$J$5$s>h$j$,$h$$!#:rF|$+$iGq$^$j9~$_$G%7%s%]$r$7$F$$$k$N$G!"3'$,CgNI$/$J$C$F$$$k$3$H$b$"$m$&!#$=$3$^$G%&%1$F2<$5(B $B$k$+$H46OC$7$?!#3'$+$i$b?'!9$H0U8+$rLc$($FM-0U5A(B $B$@$C$?!#(B
$B!!$*@$OC$7$F2<$5$C$?(BH$B$5$s!&(BI$B$5$s!"$I$&$b$"$j$,$H$&$4$6$$$^$7$?!#$^$?$*@<$,$12<$5$l$P!"4n$s$G;G$$$^$9!#(B

$B%Y%,%k%?@gBf$N;n9g$r5$$K$7$J$,$i5"O)$KCe$$$?!#%Y%,%k%?@gBf(B1-1$B>EFn%Y%k%^!<%l!#>!$F$k;n9g$rMn$H$7$?!"8eL#$N0-$$FbMF$@$C$?$i$7(B $B$$!#$=$&$$$&$3$H$rCN$i$:$K7k2L$@$18+$k$H!">EFnAj9/18 ($B6b(B) $B$N?JJb!!$*2G$5$s$,$d$C$FMh$k(B
$B%Y%,%k%?$N$*2G$5$s$,7k:'8e$K=i$N$*9qF~$j$G$"$k!#%Y%,%k%?@gBf6/2=It$NDT>e$5$s$H7k:'$7$?!"(BINAC$B?@8M%l%*%M%C%5$N_7(B $BJf4uA*$B$$$d!"$=$l(B $B$b$"$k$+$b$7$l$J$$$,!#(B
$BA*!$AE@:9$O(B4$B$G$"$k!#>!Mx$7$F!">!$AE@:9(B1$B$K5M(B $B$a4s$m$&!#$*$7$s$NNc$r5s$2$k$^$G$b$J$/!"2G$.@h$N$$$S$j$O87$7$$$b$N$,$"$k!#>.8H%Q%o!<$rA43+$K$7$FD)$a$P!">!Mx$NF;$,I,$:$d3+$1$k$G$"$m$&!#(B

$B$A$m$A$c$s$NO@J8$NE:$(>u$b40@.!*(B $B1QJ89;1\$K=P$7$FEj9F$@!#(B Let's $BIp$BL@F|$O!"H,2&;R$G9T$o$l$F$$$kCO5e2=3Xh$;$F=PN)$7!"F|5"$j$9$kM=Dj$G$"(B $B$k!#Hh$l$k$1$l$I!"$"$s$rMB$1$k$H$J$k$H(B2$BGq$5$;$J$$$H$$$1$J$/$J$k!#$=$NJ,$r@aLs$7$F!"(B$B;d$K(B$B$"$s$KH~L#$7$$(B $BJ*$rGc$C$F$"$2$h$&!#(B
$B!!$H=q$$$F$$$F5$$E$$$?$N$G$"$k$,!"L@F|$OCK;R$N%[!<%`;n9g$G$O$J$$$+!#>EFn%Y%k%^!<%l$H$NBg@Z$J0l@o$G$"$k!#;2@oCGG0!#>!Mx$r5'$j$J$,$i5"O)$K(B $B$D$/$3$H$K$7$h$&!#(B

$B2J8&Hq$N%F!<%^$K$D$$$F9M$($?!#:rF|$^$G$NG:$_$O$I$3$X$d$i!"?oJ,$H$9$C$-$j$7$?5$$,$9$k!#$?$@$7!"2?$+?JJb$,$"$C$?Lu$G$O$J$$!#0lHU?2(B $B$F$_$k$H!"(B$B2?$+?a$C@Z$l$?(B$B$H$$$&46$8$G$"$k!#(B
9/17 ($BLZ(B) $B$N?JJb!!5m%?%s@o=Q(B
$B5m%?%s@o=Q$H$O!"5m%?%sDj?)$r?)$Y$FAvNO$r$D$1;n9g$K>!$D@o=Q$N$3$H$G$"$k!#$H!"Dj5A$7$?$3$H$O!Mx$r8F$V5m%?%sDj?)2>@b$N8!>Z!W$NOC$r$b$&(B10$B?tG/$7$F$$$k;d$H$7$F$O!"!V5m%?%sDj?)$r?)$Y$F6/$/$J$k!W!a!V5m%?%s@o=Q!W$J$N$G$"$C$?!#$7$+$7(B $B:#D+$N(B NHK$B%K%e!<%9$G!">W7bE*$J$3$H$rCN$C$F$7$^$C$?!#>iD9$J1i@b$r$7$F9q2q?35D$r$o$6$HCY$i$;$k$3$H$r(B$B5m%?%s@o=Q(B$B$H8F$V$i$7(B $B$$!#$J$s(B $B$G!">iD9$J1i@b$,5m%?%s$J$N$+!)(B NHK$B2r@b0Q0w$K$h$k$H!"!V5mJb@o=Q!W$H$N7s$M9g$$$@$=$&$@!#9q2q$N5D7h$r$o$6$HCY$i$;$k$?$a$K!"EjIiD9$J1i@b$H$$$&@o=Q$,=P8=$7$?$i$7$$!#$@$+$i$J$s$G5m%?%s$J$N$+!)(B  $B$J$K$7$m!"!V5m%?%s!W@o=Q$@$h!#3'$NNO$G!"5m%?%s@o=Q$rK\Mh$N0UL#(B$B$J$N$+!)(B$B$KLa$=$&!*(B

$B2J8&Hq$N%F!<%^$K$D$$$FG:$`!#$I$&$I$&=d$j$J$j!#$b$&0l$D!"FM$-GK$kJ*$,M_$7$$!#(B
9/16 ($B?e(B) $B$N?JJb!!0>$N1v>F$-(B
$B@hF|!"HwD9C:$G0>$N1v>F$-$r$7$?!#F$/$N$O:#5(=i$a$F$G$"$k!#$V$/$V$/$HB@$C$?M\?#0>$K$2$s$J$j$7!">F$/5$$r$J$/$7$F$$(B $B$?$N$@!#$7$+$7!"$3$l$G:#5($b8+G<$a$H;W$$>F$$$F$_$?!#$=$7$F!"K\3JE*$JK\$K:\$C$F$$$?>F$-J}$r=PMh$k$@$1CiF$-$N$h$&$K$9$k$N$@$=$&$@!#;X<(DL$j$K$d$C$F$_$k$H!"G.!9$N$+$j$+$j$G$H$F$bH~L#$7$+$C$?!#$b$A$m$s!"F,$b(B $B9|$b4]$4$H?)$Y$k$3$H$,$G$-$?!#%7!<%:%s=*$o$j$K$J$C$F$d$_$D$-$K$J$j$=$&$@!#(B
$B:#F|$O$b$C$A!<$ND4::$K$D$$$F$$$C$?!#:#F|$+$i?7$7$$?"J*$r;O$a$k!#%5%s%W%k=hM}$K4X$7$F8-$$9)IW$r$7$F$$$?$N$G!"!VI>2A>e$,$C$?!"(B2$BCJ(B $B3,%"%C%W!*!W$HK+$a$F$"$2$?!#$=$&$7$?$i!"!V$&$-$C!W$H4r$7$=$&$K$7$F$$$?!#!V(B7000$BCJ3,Cf$N(B2$BCJ3,(B$B!W$HJdB-@bL@$7$?$i!"@h$ND9(B $B$5$K$2$s$J$j$7$?LOMM$G$"$k!#(B
$B:#F|$b!"2J8&Hq$N%F!<%^$K$D$$$FG:$s$@!#$G$b:#F|$O?JJb$,8+$i$l$?!#L@F|$b?JJb$7$?$$!#(B
9/15 ($B2P(B) $B$N?JJb!!Cf=)$NL>7n(B
$B:#>,$OCf=)$NL>7n$J$N$+!)(B $B$H;W$C$?$i$=$&$G$O$J$$$i$7$$!#:#G/$O(B9$B7n(B27$BF|$@$=$&$G$"$k!#7n8+CD;R$NMQ0U$O(B27$BF|$K!#:#>,$bD:$/$N$O7z@_E*$+$b$7$l$J$$$,!"7r9/E*$G$O$J$$(B $B$+$b$7$l(B $B$J$$$>$h!#(B
$B!!$7$+$7!"5lNq$N(B8$B7n(B15$BF|$rCf=)$NL>7n$H$9$k$N$O7n$r7^$($k!#
$B8aA0Cf$O!"$+$($A$c$s$H$b$C$A!<$ND4::$K$D$$$F$$$C$?!#$^$:$O@DMU;3$X!#F^$C$F$$$FH)4($$!#0E$/$FNS>2$NMM;R$b$h$/$o$+$i$:!#EE5$$r$D$1(B $B$?$/$J$C$?!#$7$+$7!"6u$NEE5$$N%9%$%C%A$J$I$J$$$N$@$C$?!#$D$$$G!"$b$C$A!<$N9-@%@n2OHJ$ND4::CO$K9T$C$F$_$?!#@h=5$NBg1+0JMh;O$a$F$G$"$k!#Bg(B $B1+$N;~!"A}?e$7$?9-@%@n$H$7$F!"$b$C$A!<$ND4::CO$N$"$?$j$,%F%l%S$G1G$5$l$F$$$?!#?"J*$,N.$5$l$F$7$^$C$?$+$J$H?4G[$7$D$D9T$C$F$_$?!#2OHJ$,8+(B $B$($?!#L/$KCc?'$+$C$?!#$d$O$j!"2OHJ0lBS$,?e$KHo$o$l$?$h$&$G!"0lLLE%$,I_$-5M$a$i$l$F$$$?!#D4::CO$O!"(B1$B%+=j$OL5;v$G!"$b$&(B1$B%+=j$OA4LG$G$"$C(B $B$?!#$d$`$J$7$G$"$k!#(B
$B2J8&Hq$N%F!<%^$K$D$$$F:#F|$O$R$?$9$i6lLe$7$?!#$J$s$@$+$o$+$i$J$/$J$C$F$-$?!#(B
9/14 ($B7n(B) $B$N?JJb!!%4%sCf;38=LrI|5"(B
$B1=$O$"$C$?$b$N$N!"7h$^$C$F$_$k$H$d$O$j6C$-$NJs$;$,!#%4%sCf;3$,8=LrI|5"$@$=$&$@(B($BF|4)%9%]!<%D(B$B$h(B $B$j(B)$B!#(BJ3$B$rL\;X$7$FF.$C$F$$$k!"(BJFL$B$N%"%9%k%/%i%m>BDE$K2CF~$9$k$i$7$$!#(B47$B:P$G8=LrI|5"$H$O!"$9$4$$!#$H$$$&$+!"Cf;3$,$9$G$K(B47$B:P$H(B $B$O!#$3$N;vW7b$@!#$H$b$+$/$b!"3hLv$r4|BT$7$F$$$k!#(B
$B;vL3$K5HJs!#$*$a$G$H$&$4$6$$$^$9!*(B

$B2J8&Hq$N%F!<%^$K$D$$$F:#F|$b9M$($?!#(BLloyd and Webb $B$,=EMW$J;E;v$r$7$F$$$k$N$G!"$3$l$r0zMQ$7$F$$$kJ88%$rFI$_9~$s$G$$$C$?!#$*$+$2$G!"$A$g$C$HNI$$46$8$N$3$H$r;W$$$D$$$?!#(B

9/13 ($BF|(B) $B$N?JJb!!Iq$A$c$s$N7k:'<0(B
$BLE$NIq$A$c$s$N7k:'<0$,$"$C$?!#Ev$?$jA0$N$3$H$G$"$k$,!";:$^$l$?;~$+$iCN$C$F$$$k;R$G$"$k!#MD;y$N:"$NA[$$=P$,$?$/$5$s$"$k!#@gBf$N2f$,2H$K$b(B $BM7$S$KMh$?$3$H$,$"$C$?!#$=$NIq$A$c$s$,7k:'$+!#4634?<$$$C$?$i$"$j$c$7$J$$!#(B
$B!!7;$K%(%9%3!<%H$5$l!"%P!<%8%s%m!<%I$rJb$$$F$-$?!#e:No$J$j!#$=$7$F!";d$?$A$,>Z?M$H$J$j!"7k:'$N@@$$$rN)$F$?!#@2$l$FIWIX$H$J$C$FB`>l!#$*$a(B $B$G$H$&!"Iq$A$c$s!#(B
$B!!HdO*1c$b9k2Z$G$"$C$?!#IWIXB7$C$F$* $B!!$H$&$o$1$G!"$47k:'$*$a$G$H$&!*(B $BKv1J$/$*9,$;$K!#(B

9/12 ($BEZ(B) $B$N?JJb!!5W!9$N>!Mx(B
$B%Y%,%k%?@gBf(B1-0$BL>8E20%0%i%s%Q%9!#5W!9$N>!Mx$r>e$2$?!#El5~$K$$$?$N$G1GA|$O8+$F$$$J$$!#(BFW$BT|G8$,<9G0$N%4!<%k$r>e$2$?$_$?$$!#$3$ND4;R$G(B $B!Mx$@!#(B
$B$H$$$&$o$1$G!"LE$NIq$A$c$s$N7k:'<0$N$?$a!"A0F|$KEl5~F~$j$7$?!#:rF|$O1?5Y$7$F$$$?@g;3@~$b:#F|$OJ?>oDL$j!#%P%9Dd$KCe$$$?D>8e$K%P%9(B $B$,Ce$-!"KL;31X$KCe$$$?D>8e$K@g;3@~$,Mh$F!"@gBf1X$KCe$$$?D>8e$K?744@~$,9T$C$F$7$^$C$?$H$$$&N9$@$C$?!#(B
$B:rLk$O!"7HBS08$NHsFq>pJs6[5^%a!<%k$G2?EY$bL\3P$a$F$7$^$C$?!#LkCf$N(B2$B;~0L$^$G!"7W(B4$B2s$/$i$$Mh$?$+!#3NG'$9$k$H!"4[(B1, 4$BCzL\$KHrFq4+9p$,=P$F$$$?!#$J$s$H!#2f$,2H$O4[(B2$BCzL\$G$"$k!#A}?e$9$k$h$&$J@n$O$J$$!#;3$N
9/11 ($B6b(B) $B$N?JJb!!L@F|$OL>8E20@o(B
$B%Y%,%k%?@gBf$OL@F|!"E(CO$GL>8E20%0%i%s%Q%9$HF.$&(B(18:30 $B;n9g3+;O(B)$B!#$b$&$J$j$U$j9=$C$F$$$i$l$J$$!#E(CO$@$m$&$H6/E($@$m$&$H!">!$?$J$$$H??7u$K$^$:$$2f$,%/%i%V$G$"$k!#$[$s$K!"$b$&2?;n9g>!Mx$+$i1s(B $B$6$+$C$F(B $B$$$k$C$1!)(B $BL@F|$O!"(B$B%H%^%H%7%e!<%H(B$B$G%4!<%k$rA@$(!*(B
$B$A$m$A$c$sO@J8$K%3%a%s%H!#K\J8$O40@.$@!*(B $B$h$/4hD%$C$?!"$*Hh$lMM!#$"$H$OE:$(>u$M!#$=$N;(;o$N!VFI$BL@8eF|$OLE$N7k:'<0$G$"$k!#$*$a$G$H$&!#$$$m$$$m$HA[$$=P$,AI$k(B $B!D!D!D!D!#$H$$$&$o$1$G!"L@F|$+$iEl5~$K8~$+$&!#(B
$B2J8&Hq$N%F!<%^$K$D$$$F9M$($?!#4XO"J88%$rFI$_$8$j$8$j$H?J$`!#M}O@$NO@J8$OFq$7$$$o!#$J$+$J$+M}2r$G$-$J$$!#$7$+$7!"B>$B<+J,$NM}O@O@J8$b$h$/M}2r$G$-$J$$(B$B$C$F$I$&$$$&$D$b$j$h!#(B$B4V$r$*$/$HK:$l$F$7$^$&$N$G$"$C$?!#(B
9/10 ($BLZ(B) $B$N?JJb!!%4%`L#$4$O$s(B
$B:rHU!"?7$i$7$$EZFi$G$4HS$r?f$$$?!#Gc$C$?ESC<$K38$N0lIt$r7g$+$;$F$7$^$$!"HFMQJd=$%Q%F$G=$I|$7$?Fi$G$"$k(B(9/7 $B$N?JJb(B$B;2>H(B)$B!#$A$c$s$H?f$1$k$+!#$H$3$m$,!"J(F-$7$?$i%4%`$N9a$j$,I:$C$F$-$?!#7y$JM=46$,$9$k!#?f$-$"$,$j$r;n?)$7$F$_$k$H(B $B!D!D!D!D!D!"(B$B%4%`$N9a$j$$$C$Q$$$N?f$-$?$F$4HS(B$B$H$J$C$F$$$?!#%^%$%J%9;0$D@1!*(B $B?)$Y$i$l$?$b$N$G$O$J$+$C$?!#%Q%F$N@bL@=q$K$O!"(B100-130$B!n$KBQ$($i$l$k$H=q$$$F$"$C$?$N$K!#?7$7$$38$r $B!!$H$$$&$o$1$G:#F|$NCk5Y$_$K!"Fi$rGc$C$?E9$K9T$C$F$_$?!#38$@$1$7$F$7$^$C$?!#(B
$B!!5"Bp$7$?$i!"@hF|Gc$C$?38!&K\BN$H:#F|Gc$C$?38!&K\BN$H$r9g$o$;$F$_$k!#$A$c$s$H9g$C$?$iE\$C$F$d$m$&!#(B

$B$A$m$A$c$sO@J8$K%3%a%s%H!#$$$h$$$h;E>e$2$?!*(B
$B!!$+$?$d!"IT7J5$$J%a!<%k$,!#$1$C!#:C$1$:$K
$BBg1+$G$9$5$^$8$$Ho32$,=P$F$$$k!#$$$D$^$G9_$jB3$1$k5$$@!)(B
$B!!6aG/!"=)1+$,$9$4$/$J$C$F$$$k5$$,$9$k!#:#G/$J$s$F!"$b$&2?F|$b9_$j$C$Q$J$7$@!#G_1+A0@~$h$j$b=)1+A0@~$NJ}$,3hH/$K$J$C$F$$$J$$$+!)(B

$BCO5e2=3X9/9 ($B?e(B) $B$N?JJb!!$"$s$NB-$r@v$&$N$O%\%H%`%"%C%W(B
$B:#F|$b!"CO5e2=3Xe$X$N@)8f!W$H$$(B $B$&!"1QJ8(B $B%?%$%H%k$NF|K\8lLu$,=P$FMh$?(B(Nature 502:219–223)$B!#!V2<$+$i>e$X$N@)8f!W$C$F2?$N$3$C$A$c$H;W$C$?!#86J8$O!"(B"Bottom-up control"$B$G$"$C$?!#(B"bottom-up"$B$r!V2<$+$i>e!W$HLu$9$+!)(B $B$;$a$F!"!V2<0L$+$i>e0L$X$N!W$H$+!"3,AXE*35G0$@$H$o$+$k$h$&$KLu$7$F$7$FM_$7$$!#(B
$B!!$H;W$$$-$d!"%8!<%K%"%91QOB<-E5$K$O!"!V2<$+$i>e$X$N!W$H$$$&Lu$,$"$k!#$3$j$cBLL\$@!#$3$l$G$O!"(B$B$*;6Jb$+$iLa$C$?$"$s$NB-$r@v$&$?$a(B $B$K!">2$+$i@vLLBf$K>e$2$k$3$H$b(Bbottom-up$B$G$"$k!#(Bbottom-up washing of Ann$B$@!*(B $B$+$?$d%*%C%/%9%U%)!<%I1Q1Q<-E5$G$O!"(B"proceeding from the bottom or beginning of a hierarchy or process upwards"$B$H$"$k!#$3$l$J$i$h$/$o$+$k!#1Q8l$N8@MU$N0UL#$rCN$k$?$a$K$O1Q1Q<-E5$r;H$&$Y$7$H$h$/$o$+$kNc$rH/8+$7$?!#(B
$B8aA0Cf$O$+$($A$c$s$ND4::$K$D$$$F$$$C$?!#5(@a$r46$8$k!#Ev=i$OLT=k$,BgJQ$@$C$?!#:#$O1+$P$+$j!#$H$-$h$j?a$/Iw$ONC$7$$!#(B

9/8 ($B2P(B) $B$N?JJb!!2w>!(B
$BF|K\BeI=(B6-0$B%"%U%,%K%9%?%sBeI=!#5W!9$K$9$+$C$?$H$7$?;n9g$@$C$?!#;O$a$+$i$3$&$$$&;n9g$r$7$FM_$7$+$C$?!#K\F|$N>!0x$NBh0l$O868}$H;W$&!#H`(B $B$N%I%j%V%kFMGK$G<~$j$,3h$-$?!#$H$/$K9a@n!#868}$K%^!<%/$,9T$/$3$H$G!"<+M3$KK=$l$k$3$H$,$G$-$?!#$=$l$H!"?9=E$i$N $B!!%O%j%k%[%8%C%A4FFD$N$*CcL\$5$b3@4V8+$($?!#8eH>(B25$BJ,!"1&%5%$%I%P%C%/$Nu67$rA[Dj$7$F$N$3$H$@(B $B$m$&$M!)(B

$B:#F|$NL@$1J}!"1&h$C$F$$$k$h$&$G$"$C$?!#I[CD$r$a$/$C$F$_(B $B$?!#!D!D!D!D!D(B$B$"$s!"9_$j$J$5$$!#(B$B$7$+$7DK$_$O>C$($J$+$C$?!#DK$_$N$?$a!"?2IU$/$3$H$J$/D+$r7^$($?!#5/>28e$K3NG'$9$k$H!"1&o$O$J$+$C$?!#$d$O$j%^%&%9IB$i$7$$!#<>I[$rLc$C$F5"$C$?$N$G$"$C$?!#(B

$BCO5e2=3XO$,9s$/$F;H$$J*$K$J$i$J$$!#0lEY6l>p$r8@$C$F$d$j$?$$!#(B
9/7 ($B7n(B) $B$N?JJb!!EZFi(B
$BG04j$G$"$C$?EZFi$r9XF~$7$?!#8=:_;HMQCf$N$b$N$O!"K\BN$H38$H$N@\9gIt$N7A>u$,9g$o$:!"?a$-$3$\$l$7$d$9$$$N$@!#Gc$$BX$($h$&$H$7$F$$$?$N$@$1$l(B $B$I!"=U2F$OEZFi$rGd$C$F$$$J$$$H$$$&6CX3$N;v$B3+(B $BIu$7$F$9$0$K7g$1$5$;$F$7$^$C$?(B$B;d$O6r$+2;!#D9$5(B 3cm$B$[$I$,7g$1$?!#7g$1Mn$A$?J}$OJ4!9$K$J$C$F$*$j@\Ce$bL5M}$G$"$C$?!#$7$P$7:B$7$F@dK>46$K?;$k!#$d$,$F!"EZ4o$NJd=$MQ%Q%F$@$H;W$$N)$C$?!#(B $B$$$d!"(B$BEZ4oJd=$$G$O$J$/F+4oJd=$$@!*(B $B%@%$%7%s$KGc$$$K9T$/$H!"F+4o@lMQ$N$b$N$O$J$+$C$?!#HFMQ$N%Q%F$rGc$C$F5"$j!"Jd=$$r;n$_$?!#$H$j$"$($:$OJd=$$G$-$?$h$&$K;W$&!#$"$H$O
$B7h0U$rJ9$$$?!#1~1g$"$k$N$_!#4hD%$l!*(B
9/6 ($BF|(B) $B$N?JJb!!BgGT(B
$B%Y%,%k%?@gBf%l%G%#!<%9(B2-5$BF|%F%l%Y%l!<%6!#A0H>=*N;;~(B2-1$B$^$G$ONI$+$C$?$N$@$1$l$I!#(B
$B!!;n9g$O!"L#$NAG%U%#!<%k%I@>$,5V$G9T$o$l$k!#?744@~$GEl5~$X$H8~$+$C$?!#M1`$G$"$k!#$7$+$7i,i/$O!"0lNX$b:i$$$F$$$J$+$C$?!#$^$C$?$/$b$C$FC<6-4|$G$"$C$?!#$3$l$G$,$C$+$j$9$k;d$G$O$J$$!#2F(B $BQrDj(B($B=)$K:i$+$;$k$?$a$K$3$N;~4|$KQrDj$9$k(B)$B$r$7$?8e$,$h$/4Q;!$G$-$F3Z$7$+$C$?!#$3$&$$$&Iw$K@Z$k$s$@$H46?4$7$?!#(B$B;^MU$@$1$Ni,i/$r$8(B $B$$$C$H8+F~$C$F$$$k;Q(B$B$O!"$O$?$+$i8+$k$HJQ$K1G$i$J$/$b$J$+$C$?$G$"$m$&!#(B
$B!!$=$N8e!"L#$NAG%U%#!<%k%I@>$,5V$K0\F0$7$?!#@8A~$N1+$NCf;n9g$,;O$^$C$?!#N)$A>e$,$j$3$=NI$+$C$?$b$N$N!"$d$,$F!"%Y%l!<%6$K;YG[$5$l$kE83+$H(B $B$J$C$?!#$=$7$F%_%9$+$i<:E@!#@5D>!"$d$O$jBLL\$+$H;W$C$F$7$^$C$?!#$H$3$m$,$=$&$G$O$J$+$C$?!#@9$jJV$7$F$"$l$h$"$l$h$N5UE>!#(B2-1$B$GA0H>$r=*(B $B$($?!#$3$N$^$^$N@*$$$rJ]$D$3$H$,$G$-$l$P$h$+$C$?$N$G$"$k$,!D!D!D!#%5%C%+!<$C$FI]$$!#8eH>3+;O(B20$BIC$G<:E@$9$k$H!"Ib$-B-$@$C$F$7$^$C$?$N(B $B$+!"8eH>(B24$BJ,$^$G$K(B2-5$B$H$5$l$F$7$^$C$F$$$?!#%Y%l!<%6$O!"9%5!$r$3$H$4$H$/7h$a$?!#$=$N7hDjNO$N9b$5$h!#CK;R$NBeI=$b8+=,$C$FLc$$$?$$!#$+(B $B$/$7$F!"=*$o$C$F$_$k$HBgGT$G$"$C$?!#(B
$B!!%Y%l!<%6$NJ}$,3N$+$K>e$H$O;W$C$?$,!"(B2-5$B$[$I$N:9$O$J$$$O$:!#>e0L%j!<%0$G$N:FBP7h$N$H$-$K$OI,$:$d>!Mx$7$h$&!*(B

9/5 ($BEZ(B) $B$N?JJb!!LZLJ$N%O%s%+%A!<%U(B
$B$J$G$7$3(BJAPAN$B$NJ8;z$,$"$C$?$N$G!"BN0i2q(BTV$B$r$D$$$D$$8+$F$7$^$C$?!#$J$G$7$3$NA*eDT(B $BM$
$B$$$$$(!!$"$J$?!!;d$O!!M_$7$$$b$N$O$J$$$N$h(B
$B$?$@ET2q$N3($N6q$K!!@w$^$i$J$$$G5"$C$F(B

$B$H2N$$$+$1$kL>6J$G$"$k(B($B$3$N8e$K?6$i$l$k(B)$B!#%$%s%?%S%e!<$K$b$A$c$s$HEz$($k$3$H$,$G$-$J$+$C$?CQ$:$+$7$,$j20$,A49q%F%l%S$K!#ET2q$N3($N6q$K(B $B@w$^$C$FJQ$o$C$F$$$/M$
$B$h$&$d$/$K$7$F=5Kv$K@2$l$?!#$3$3$>$H$P$+$j$KDm;E;v$r$7$?!#$^$:$O9/4 ($B6b(B) $B$N?JJb!!L@8eF|$OF|%F%l@o(B
$B$$$h$$$h!"$J$G$7$3%j!<%0$,:F3+$9$k!#%Y%,%k%?@gBf%l%G%#!<%9$OL@8eF|!"E(CO$GF|%F%l%Y%l!<%6$HF.$&(B(16$B;~;n9g3+;O(B)$B!#>!$AE@$GJB$V!"(B2$B0L(B($BF|(B $B%F%l(B)$B$H(B3$B0L(B($B2f$,%/%i%V(B)$B$ND>@\BP7h$G$"$k!#!$C$?$3$H$N$J$$Aj!$D$G$"$m$&!#$@$+$i3'$G!"2f$,%/%i%V$N>!Mx$r8e2!$7$7$h$&!*(B $B;d$b$b$A$m$s;2@o$9$k!#(B
$BF|K\BeI=(B3-0$B%+%s%\%8%"BeI=!#>!$A$O$7$?$b$N$N2W!9$7$?;n9g$@$C$?!#%7%e!<%H$KBP$9$k>C6K@-$O2?$J$s$@!)(B $B7hDjNO$NL5$5$O2?$J$s$@!)(B $B9a@n$J$s$F!"$,$i6u$-$N%4!<%k$X$N%7%e!<%H$r30$7$A$c$&$7!#$=$l$H;38}(B $B7V!"7/$O$b$&%7%e!<%H$rBG$?$J$/$F$h$m$7$$!#A4A3OH$KHt$P$J$$%7%e!<%H$J$s$F0UL#$J$$$@$m$&!#(B
$B!!
$B$A$m$A$c$s$NO@J8$K%3%a%s%H!#$"$H>/$7!*(B
$B:#7n(B19$BF|$K!"(B$BCO5e2=3X$B$K$*$$$FO@J8$N=q$-J}$N9V1i$r9T$&!#(B2009$BG/$K9V1i$K>7$+$l$?$N$G$"$k$,!"%7%s%];22C2009.10.3$B$N?JJb(B$B;2>H(B)$B!#$"$N%i!<%a%s20$O:#$b7r:_$+!)(B $B$H$$$&$o$1$G!":#F|$+$i=`Hw$r;O$a$?!#2J8&Hq$N%F!<%^$b7h$^$C$?$N$G$A$g$&$INI$$$N$@!#Nd@E$JL\$KLa$9$?$a$K$b!"B>$N;E;v$r$7$F!"$=$N4V$O%F!<%^(B $B$r?2$+$7$F$*$/!#(B$B$:$C$H5/$-$J$+$C$?$i(B$B:$$C$F$7$^$&$,!#(B

9/3 ($BLZ(B) $B$N?JJb!!%^%K%-%e%"$NN)$A0LCV(B
$B:#F|$O!"$b$C$A!<$ND4::$K$D$$$F$$$C$?!#%^%K%-%e%"$r$7$F$$$?$N$G!"!V:#$^$G$7$F$?$C$1!)!W$H?V$M$?!#:rF|$7$?$=$&$J!#$=$7$F!";W$o$LOC$rJ9$+$;(B $B$F$/$l$?!#%^%K%-%e%"$O!"(B$B!V$"$^$j2D0&$/$J$$!W$N$,NI$$(B$B$=$&$@!#$J$s$H!*(B $B2D0&$$%^%K%-%e%"$@$H!"$=$l$K9g$o$;!"$*2=>Q$bI~Au$b6E$i$J$/$F$O$$$1$J$/$J$k$+$i$@$C$F!#=w;RE*$K6E$k=gHV$O!"!V(B1. $BI~Au!W!V(B2. $B2=>Q!W!V(B3. $B%^%K%-%e%"!W$G$"$k(B(1$B$H(B2$B$H$,F~$lBX$o$k=w;R$b$"$j(B)$B!#$=$N$?$a!"!V(B3. $B%^%K%-%e%"!W$,>e$,$k$H!"!V(B1. $BI~Au!W!V(B2. $B2=>Q!W$bI,A3E*$K>e$2$6$k$r$($J$$!#!V(B1. $BI~Au!W!V(B2. $B2=>Q!W$,$$$$2C8:$G!V(B3. $B%^%K%-%e%"!W$@$1$,NI$$$H!"=gHV4V0c$C$F$$$k$H$$$&HcH=$r>7$/$i$7$$!#!$BD66E$C$?%M%$%k$K$9$C$T$s%8%c!<%8(B$B$N=w(B $B;R$,$$$?$i!"$J$s$+4V0c$C$F$$$k$H$$$&5$$K$O$J$k!#9M$($F$_$k$H!"!V(B3. $B%^%K%-%e%"!W$O0lEY$d$C$?$i$7$P$i$/B3$/$N$G!"(B $B!V(B1. $BI~Au!W!V(B2. $B2=>Q!W$r$:$C$H>e$2$?$^$^$K$9$k$N$bHh$l$k$+!#(B
$B7n=i$a$NCLOC2q$,$"$C$?!#$=$l$>$l$,!"%G!<%?o$K=< $B!!;d$b!"2J8&Hq$N%F!<%^$K$D$$$FOC$7$F$_$?!#M-1W$J0U8+$rLc$C$?!#$3$l$K$FCf?H$,8G$^$C$?!#N)GI$J?=@A=qN`$r=q$/$>!*(B

$B:#Lk$O%+%s%\%8%"@o$G$"$k(B(19$B;~(B25$BJ,;n9g3+;O(B)$B!#%o!<%k%I%+%C%W(B2$B!$C$F!"$9$C$-$j$H$5$;$FM_$7$$!#(B
9/2 ($B?e(B) $B$N?JJb!!%3!<%R!
$B$[$C$7!<$ND4::$N$?$a$KDa2,!& $B!!$[$C$7!<$i$HDa2,!&uBV$J$N$@!#$=$N$?$a!"8a8e$N1?E>$,L2$/$F?I$/$J$k!#2a5nFs2s$O!"8a8e$K(B10$BJ,$[$I2>L2$r$H$i$;$FLc$C$?!#:#F|$b$=$&$7$h$&$H;W$C$F$$$?$H(B $B$3$m$K<+F0HNGd5!$rH/8+$7$?!#4L%3!<%R!<$r0{$s$G$_$F$S$C$/$j!"$9$C$-$j$HL\$,:c$($?!#0{$s$G$$$k:GCf$+$iL25$$,>C$($F$$$/$N$,$o$+$C$?!#;d$O$3(B $B$l$^$G4L%3!<%R!<$r%P%+$K$7$F$$$?$N$G$"$k$,(B $B!D!D!D!#$3$l$O$9$4$$$H8+D>$9$3$H$K$J$C$?!#$7$+!<$7!"(B1$B;~4V$7$+8z$-L\$,$J$+$C$?!#$^$?L2$/$J$j!"7k6I2>L2$r$H$k$3$H$K$J$C$?!#$&!L2$r$H(B $B$i$:$K0l5s$K1}I|$G$-$k$h$&$K$J$j$?$$!#(B
$B$A$m$A$c$s$NO@J8$K%3%a%s%H!#$"$H>/$74hD%$C$F!#(B
9/1 ($B2P(B) $B$N?JJb!!@8BV3X2q%"%k%P%$%HJg=8(B
$BMhG/$N(B3$B7n$K!"F|K\@8BV3X2q$,@gBf$K$*$$$F9T$o$l$k!#$=$N%"%k%P%$%HJg=8$N0FFb$G$"$k!#(B

=====$B3X2q%"%k%P%$%HJg=8$N$*CN$i$;(B======
$B3X2q!'Bh(B63$B2sF|K\@8BV3X2q@gBfBg2q(B
$BF|;~!'(B2016$BG/(B3$B7n(B20($BF|(B)-24$BF|(B($BLZ(B)
$B2q>l!'@gBf;T$N@gBf9q:]%;%s%?!<$*$h$S@gBf;T>pJs!&;:6H%W%i%6(B
$B6HL3!'3X2q1?1D$NJd=u!J@_1D!&E1<}!&l78$J$I!K(B
$B6PL3;~4V!':GD9$G(B9$B;~0L$+$i(B21$B;~0L!#1~AjCL!#(B
$B;~5k!'3XIt@8AjEv!'(B900$B1_(B
$B!!!!!!Bg3X1!@8AjEv!'(B1000$B1_(B
$B!!!!!!(BPD$BAjEv!'(B1200$B1_(B
$B8rDLHq!'I,MW$JJ}$O1~AjCL(B
$BCk?)IU$-(B

$BA4F|Dx$G6PL3$G$-$J$/$F$b9=$$$^$;$s!#ItJ,E*$J6PL3$G$b7k9=$G$9!#3X2q$NJ70O5$$K?($l$k$3$H$,$G$-$k5!2q$G$9!#$5$i$K$O!"0lHL$N%"%k%P%$%H$KHf$Y(B $B$k$H!!$1$C$3$&3Z$J;E;v$G$9!#$<$R@Q6KE*$K$4;22C2<$5$$!#(B

$B!Z2>EPO?![(B
$B%"%k%P%$%H$G$-$k2DG=@-$,$"$kJ}$O!"2<5-$r$45-F~$N>e!"?"J*@8BV$NEPO?$N%a!<%k$r(B $B$*Aw$j2<$5$$!#Dy$a@Z$j$O(B9/30$B$H$7$^$9!#(B

$B=jB0!&3XG/!'(B
$B;aL>!'(B
$B%a!<%k%"%I%l%9!'(B
$B%"%k%P%$%H2DG=$JF|;~!'(B
================================

$B$U$k$C$F$41~Jg2<$5$$!#(B

$B:#D+8+$?L4!#$"$k$H$3$m$K6[5^$NEEOC$r$+$1$?!#$=$7$F@hJ}$,=P$?!#(B

$B@hJ}(B $B!VGHJ?$5$s$G$9$+!)!W(B
$B;d(B $B!V$$$(!"0c$$$^$9!W(B
$B@hJ}(B $B!VGHJ?$5$s$G$J$$$HBLL\$G$9!#GHJ?$HL>>h$C$F2<$5$$!W(B
$B;d!V$$$d(B $B!D!D!D!W(B
$B@hJ}(B $B!V$=$l$8$c!"$5$h$&$J$i!W(B
$B;d(B $B!V$"!"GHJ?$G$9$C!"GHJ?$G$9$C!W(B

$B87$7$$Aj
$B$=$s$JL4$NM>1$$r3z$_Dy$a!"$+$($A$c$s$ND4::$K$D$$$F9T$C$?!#IaDL$N;3F;$r2<$j$D$DD4::$r$7C+Dl1h$$$NF;$K=P$k!#$=$N8e!"?eF;;\@_$NNY$K(B $B$"$k5^8{G[$N3,CJ$r0l5s$K>e$^$GEP$k$H$$$&9TDx$G$"$C$?!#$3$l$O!"%"%9%j!<%H$N$b$C$A!<(B($B%9%-! $B8a8e$O!"$+$($A$c$s!&$b$C$A!<$rO"$l$F%@%$%7%s$KGc$$J*$K9T$C$?!#L\E*$O$?$@0l$D!#%@%$%7%s$GF/$/!"(B$B%Y%,%k%?@gBf%l%G%#!<%9$N(B GK $BIpCg(B $BNo0MA*?A*$B$@!#;0?M$KAj!*(B